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  • Sacrifice

    The word sacrifice means to “make holy.” Man cannot become holy through his own efforts alone. Neither can God make men holy if men will not to their part. Man’s part in becoming holy is to use his agency to obey God. Inasmuch as men obey God, they do not do other things which are evil.

    In ancient times the token of man’s obedience to God was the sacrifice of animals. Men killed and burned with fire their best animals to show the Lord that they loved him more than their choicest possessions and to show that they looked forward to the Atonement and death of Jesus Christ.

    Since the Savior’s death, the token of man’s sacrifice has been to partake of the emblems representing the Savior’s flesh and blood in what we call “the sacrament.” As men partake of the sacrament, they renew their promises at baptism to become holy in obedience to the Lord. If that token is meaningful, men are making the true sacrifice: a broken heart and a contrite spirit. They are broken-hearted in remembering their offenses against their fellow men and against their God who died for them. They are contrite in a humble determination to offend no more by obeying God in all things. As they obey God in all things, they are cleansed from sin through divine power, and become holy men of God: saints.

  • Revealed Truth

    What is revealed truth?

    It is ideas implanted in the mind of a man which are a representation of actual states of the universe, past, present, future and distant given in a scope and detail adequate to the needs he has for discharging a responsibility.

    How does one obtain revealed truth?

    By obedience to the requirements God has set, namely faith in Jesus Christ, repentance, baptism, and receiving the Holy Ghost by the laying on of hands.

    How does one know revealed ideas are true?

    By the tests of rational self-consistency of revealed ideas with each other, by agreement with the empirical universe, by success when acting according to ideas given, and by witness of divine personages. This kind of truth has been known among men from the time of Adam.

    Why did other claimants to “truth” come into being?

    Because men have with regularity rejected revealed knowledge, various substitutes have appeared to fill the void.

    1. Apostate religious “truth” is hypocritical propaganda. It enables men to salve their consciences and to enjoy promises of salvation, but lacks consistency, power and agreement with divine revelation.
    2. Poetic truth is an irresponsible sentimentalism which affords an escape from reality. Sometimes quite moral and in no way necessarily bad, it nevertheless it often diverts the attention of men from more important and more efficacious nourishment.
    3. Scientific truth is spiritually blind ad hoc rationalization which enables mankind to agree on descriptions and theoretical explanations of the physically observable universe, One of its great strengths is that it enables technical achievement and manufacturing efficiently (that is to learn to deal effectively with recurrent problems having controllable variables). It is limited to extrapolation of the here and now to everything else.

    Why is revealed truth superior to these rivals?

    Revealed ideas give men

    1. an understanding of states of the universe anywhere, anytime, which are pertinent to the problems of their present situation.
    2. an understanding of what should be states of the universe here, now, and elsewhere in order for men to obtain a maxim of happiness.
    3. an understanding of what to do to turn what “is” into what “could be.”

    This is a bald claim to the availability of omniscience, but unfortunately claimed by but few persons and actually possessed by even fewer.

    What about the supposed limitations of revealed truth?

    1. Authoritarian: it is authoritarian only for those who don’t have it. Every man is supposed to be and can be his own priest and prophet.
    2. Private: Everything mental is private, but people with similar experience can communicate about their experiences.
    3. Variable: No two persons have exactly the same situations or problems. Revealed truth is given by degrees in tailor-made portions to suit the capabilities and diligence of the recipients, thus giving the appearance of variability. But each person eventually comes to the same understanding as others if he goes far enough.
    4. Subjectivity: Revealed ideas are the most stern task-master men know of; but only he who has struggled in the Spirit knows this.

    Conclusion

    Any person who could compare revealed ideas with other claimants to “truth” would see that as to power, dependability, and availability, revealed ideas have no peer. But men shy away from revealed ideas because one cannot gain nor benefit from them without restructuring his moral life. The burden of repentance causes most men to shrink from the divine light and to heap calumny on those who possess it.

  • The Role of the Holy Priesthood Today

    Chauncey C. Riddle

    The Holy Priesthood is power and authority from Jesus Christ to accomplish the work of godliness on this earth. By this power the earth and the world were created. By this power men have been placed on the earth as children of God. Through it men are born again of water and of Spirit to a newness of spiritual life. True happiness and peace in this life and eternal life in the world to come are achieved only through the power of the priesthood. These generalizations come to this point: only when men and women learn to accept the proper role of the Priesthood in their lives can the eternal blessings of God begin to flow unto them. What is that proper role?

    The proper role of the Holy Priesthood is to be the power by which our lives are governed and by which we govern. To honor the Holy Priesthood is to honor our Savior. He has ordained every office, calling and stewardship in His Kingdom. To accept that power, either in being governed or in governing, is to accept explicitly Jesus Christ as our Savior.

    What does it mean to be governed by the Savior? Paul tells us that the Lord:

    gave some , apostles; and some, prophets; and some, evangelists; and some, pastors and teachers; For the perfecting of the saints, for the work of the ministry, for the edifying of the body of Christ: Till we all come in the unity of the faith, and of the knowledge of the Son of God, unto a perfect man, unto the measure of the stature of the fullness of Christ. (Ephesians 4:11–13)

    It is the goal of saints to become perfect, to become as the great Exemplar, Jesus Christ. This can be done only as men take upon themselves the divine nature. The same power by which Jesus was perfect is the power of the Holy Priesthood to make men perfect. The Savior overcame the world and extends to every human being the same privilege through the power of his Priesthood:

    And the glory which thou gavest me I have given them, that they may be one, even as we are one: I in them and thou in me, that they may be made perfect in one; and that the world may know that thou has sent me, and hast loved them, as thou hast loved me. (John 17:22–23)

    But according to Paul what is it that enables men to become perfect or “whole”? It is the guidance of the Lord’s anointed. He sends his prophets to reveal the mind, will and power of God to all who would be edified. As men humble themselves in mighty prayer and repentance before their Father in Heaven, the Holy Spirit teachers them to see the prophets as the personal representatives of the Savior. Such men see no tyranny or threat in the prophets; rather they feel hungry to be instructed by those from whom they feel the Holy Spirit radiating. As they accept that instruction and put it to practice in their lives, the order of love based on truth establishes men in a brotherhood more potent for human happiness than any act of which the world ever dreams.

    Every member of the Kingdom of God is blessed to be governed, if he wishes to be, by an authorized servant of Jesus Christ. He enjoys not only one such benefactor, but many. The Lord has set the father of the family, the ministering brothers, the quorum or group leader, the Bishop, the stake president, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, and the First Presidency to be earthly guides to every member of the Church to lead each one in the way of happiness and salvation. And there is no other way. The world has tried for six thousand years to counterfeit the Kingdom of God and to save men by natural means. But no attempt or power of the world ever has or ever will compare with that organization which has an omnipotent, omniscient and perfect being at its head.

    The challenge to every Latter-day Saint is simply this: will we look to the Priesthood authorities of the church to order all things?

    What does it mean to govern by the power of the Priesthood? It means that we should recognize that all right to govern resides with the Creator of all things. Men have been given the freedom to govern their stewardships as they will, but they have the right to govern only if they receive that right from Him whose right it is, and they maintain that right only as they act under the personal direction of the Lord. All other power and usurpation will come to naught.

    If every man could see his opportunity to govern, be it his mind, his body, his conversation, his family, his business, his quorum, his ward, his stake, as God-given, then every man would be better prepared to take the second step, to govern in a godly manner. He would then seek to be worthy and to remain worthy to govern, subduing every sinful and unholy influence in his life, that through the guidance of the Holy Spirit, the mind of Christ, he might govern in pure love, the power of Christ:

          No power or influence can or ought to be maintained by virtue of the priesthood, only by persuasion, by long-suffering, but gentleness and meekness, and by love unfeigned;

          By kindness, and pure knowledge, which shall greatly enlarge the soul without hypocrisy, and without guile—

          Reproving betimes with sharpness, when moved upon by the Holy Ghost; and then showing forth afterwards an increase of love toward him whom thou hast reproved, lest he esteem thee to be his enemy;

          That he may know that thy faithfulness is stronger than the cords of death.

          Let thy bowels also be full of charity towards all men, and to the household of faith, and let virtue garnish thy thoughts unceasingly; then shall thy confidence wax strong in the presence of God; and the doctrine of the priesthood shall distill upon thy soul as the dews from heaven.

          The Holy Ghost shall be thy constant companion and thy scepter an unchanging scepter of righteousness and truth; and thy dominion shall be an everlasting dominion, and without compulsory means it shall flow unto thee forever and ever.      (D&C 121:41–46)

    These sublime words from our Savior give us a precious glimpse of what it means to govern. But that glimpse becomes our condemnation if we do not set about to transform those ideas into a living reality in our own lives. There is much in the world about which we can do little; but we can do something about our own stewardship. We are accountable for how we govern. As we govern wisely, our Savior increases our authority, that our influence might bless an ever-widening circle of His children. So we should see that the governor of our own stewardship (our self), loves the Lord with all his heart, might, mind and strength and stands ready to carry into effect in that stewardship the directions of the living prophets, for we each may know that those directives come from our Savior. We can see that our stewardship is governed by the pure love of Christ, in that no stiff-necked selfishness of the governor prevents the free flow of the blessings of Jesus Christ down through the channels of authority to every individual in our stewardship.

    May we learn to govern and be governed in the true order of the Son of God, that we might be faithful and honor Him who gave all for us.

  • Teaching as Stewardship

    The greatest of all the gifts of God is charity. The principles of the gospel teach us how to love, to have charity. The ordinances of the gospel increase our power to love. Stewardship gives focus to our love.

    Family relationships give stewardship pattern to our love:

    • To love father and mother we obey.
    • To love brother or sister we share.
    • To love son or daughter we bless.

    A teacher is like a brother or sister

    Teachers share with others:

    • Knowledge
    • Testimony
    • Wonderings
    • Joy
    • Wealth
    • Time
    • Concerns
    • Griefs
    • Sorrows
    • Poverty
    • Ignorance

    The teacher’s role is to share good and absorb evil.

  • Five Steps of Prayer

    The man who cannot pray can never find peace. The man who will not pray must be his own god. The man who knows not how to pray is lost. The man who forgets to pray is captive.

    But the man who righteously and earnestly prays to his God in the worthy name of Jesus Christ, be he at the moment saint or sinner, shall find rest unto his soul. How should we pray? The following five steps are suggestions for seeking the Lord through prayer.

    • Believe in Jesus Christ. In a time of educated unbelief such as ours the first challenge of prayer is to believe sincerely in Jesus Christ. If we have truly received the gospel message, we have also received divine witness that Jesus was and is the Son of the living God, that he as a perfect man and merciful God wrought an atonement for our souls, and is an all-powerful, all-knowing, benevolent being. He is able to help us with every problem and to save us from all of our enemies. But it is one thing to entertain even correct ideas about abstract theological attributes of our God; it is quite another thing to embrace those ideas with a trust that will make such ideas the basis of our decisions and actions. This is not blind faith, but implicit belief through the abundant sufficient evidence which the witness of the Spirit brings as the basis for true prayers. If we believe in Jesus Christ, we will love him for all he has done for us, for his suffering, for his sacrifice, for his selflessness.

    If we believe in Jesus Christ, we will trust that he is everywhere in his power to bless and save. If we believe in Jesus Christ, we will serve him as the King of Kings, the Prince of Peace, the Holy One of Israel. We will honor him as the Lord and Master of all the pure in heart; give him the homage of serving him with all of our mind, might, and strength. And we will gladly give, sorry only that we do not have more to offer.

    It is not who we are, it is not where we pray, it is not the words we say that makes for great prayer. It is the strength of our feelings, it is the penetration of our conscious thought, it is the depth of our humility, it is the power of our love, it is the sincerity of our belief that makes our prayers real.

    • Pray as you have need. One pitfall we should not fall into in our praying is vain repetition: the saying of the same words and phrases over and over again without really thinking about what we are saying. One good way to avoid this pitfall is to remember to pray as we have need. The situation and circumstance of almost every prayer will be different from all others. If we will consciously think over our needs, then pray exactly as we have need, then our prayers will be neither repetitious nor vain. We will be grateful, praise our maker, share sorrow with him and request his help.

    This is not to suppose that our only need is to ask for favors and blessings. These we should indeed ask for; though our Father knows all our needs even before we ask him, yet he desires that we choose good things and desire them through our Savior. But as we have need to give thanks to the One who so richly blesses us, we should thank him. As we have need to rejoice and share the treasured moments of supreme happiness that come to us as we live the gospel, who better could we tell about our happiness than our Father in Heaven? As we sorrow in the manifold tribulations of mortality, who will more willingly share our burden and receive the anguished outpourings of our soul than our Father in Heaven? As we seek understanding to know why things are as they are, our Father will be our companion in the labor of our analysis. As we strive for wisdom, we will seek to pray that we might act in a manner that will solve problems and bless others. He who has overcome all is delighted to hear us and guide us. As we have need that is genuine and righteous, the Lord is glad to bless us spiritually, intellectually and physically.

    What is the ultimate need we mortals have? As we progress in spirituality through prayer and righteous living, the time will come when we shall see that of ourselves we do not know what is good for us. Then as little children we will rely on the love, power and knowledge of our God, claiming the promise of the scriptures: “And if ye are cleansed and purified from all sin, ye shall ask whatsoever you will in the name of Jesus and it shall be done. But know this, it shall be given you what you shall ask.” (D&C 50:29–30)

    Is there any matter too trivial to take to the Lord? The answer is that there is nothing trivial about any human being in the all-encompassing love of the Lord. Not even a hair of our head falls to the ground unnoticed. Let us heed the admonition of Alma: “Yea, and cry unto God for all thy support; yea, let all thy doings be unto the Lord, and whithersoever thou goest let it be in the Lord; yea, let thy thought be directed unto the Lord; yea, let the affections of thy heart be placed upon the Lord forever.” (Alma 37:36)

    • Pray always. The life of a true Latter-day Saint becomes more and more a never-ending two-way conversation with the Lord. As each of us takes the covenant of baptism and as we renew that covenant in partaking of the sacrament, we promise to take upon ourselves the name of Jesus Christ, to remember him always, and to keep his commandments which he has given us. The Lord promises us that if we do these things, we shall always have his spirit to be with us. Always we will have the guidance, the light, the comfort, the gifts, that come from the Savior through the Holy Ghost! Always we may hear the voice of the Lord, to know what is true, what is wise, what is good. Is this not indeed a pearl of great price? For this a man should be willing to give all that he has. And he will do it if he loves righteousness and even begins to understand the worth of this great pearl.

    But what is it that we must do to enjoy this great gift? It is simply to keep our promises. As we keep the commandments of God, we become worthy of and able to bear all blessings. But we know the commandments of God only through his spirit. We receive the spirit as we remember him always and honor his name. And what more significant way is there to remember him always than to pray in his name continuously? Note the witness of Amulek: “Yea, cry unto him for mercy, for he is mighty to save. Yea, humble yourselves and continue in prayer unto him. Cry unto him when ye are in your fields, yea over all your flocks. Cry unto him when ye are in your houses, yea over all your household, both morning, mid-day and evening. … But this is not all ye must pour out your souls in your closets and your secret places, and in your wilderness. Yea, and when you do not cry unto the Lord, let your hearts be full, drawn out in prayer unto him continually for your welfare and also for the welfare of those who are around you.” (Alma 34:18–27)

    • Reinforce prayer with fasting. The great damper upon spirituality is lack of self-control, giving way to the bestial impulses that beset all of us. One of the great challenges of this probationary mortality is to see if we, as a rational, intelligent personality, can learn to govern completely the magnificent machine each of us has for a physical tabernacle. The body of itself has many cravings, desires, impulses, passions. It is these passions, physical and social, that the adversary uses to ensnare us in his powerful bonds. But the satisfaction of body needs and the use of our bodies to accomplish good are important parts of receiving a fulness of joy. The matter can be stated simply: If our passions control us, we are minions of the adversary. If we control our passions and allow them satisfaction only within the bounds of righteousness as prescribed by the Lord, then we are children of the Most High.

    Fasting, the temporary abstaining of food, drink or other physical satisfaction, is the God-given way of overcoming and subjecting our own physical tabernacles. As we exercise control, we gain power over our bodies. As we use this control to do good works, we gain power in the Holy Spirit, which gives us the possibility of even greater control over the physical body.

    Every good thing is available to those who love the Lord. Fasting is not a denial of the flesh but rather a training of the flesh to do the will of God and thereby to receive a fullness. Thus it is that fasting is a special key to help us make our prayers more efficacious through righteousness. To all who would truly serve him the Lord has said: “I give unto you a commandment that ye shall continue in prayer and fasting from this time forth.” (D&C 88:76) Can we understand and profit by this counsel?

    • Heed the Lord and he will heed you. How many persons have said “I don’t think my prayers are getting past the ceiling.” Our Father hears all prayers, but doubtless as far as getting any result goes, many times it is as though the prayer was never uttered. How can we be assured of doing better than that?

    We must remember always that it is the purpose and delight of our Father and his Son to bless their children with all good things. But in their mercy they give us only those blessings which we can stand, and we can stand blessings only in direct proportion to how well we have learned to live the gospel. Let us not suppose that when we are obedient to the Lord, we earn a blessing; thought he receiving of blessings is always predicated upon the fulfillment of law, the blessing is almost always a result quite out of proportion to the effort we put forth to fulfill the law. The purpose of the law is then mainly to give us the strength to cope with the blessing when we receive it. The gospel of Jesus Christ is the message of a pattern of life wherein we may be prepared by God to receive a fullness of all blessings.

    Is it any wonder then that our prayers are effective only when we are obedient? It is the just reproof of a guilty conscience which makes us doubt the worth of our own prayers. And it is the spiritual witness of worthiness to receive that makes a righteous man mighty in prayer. If we cannot hearken when the Lord entreats and entices us to become worthy and capable of receiving blessings through living his commandments, can the Lord hearken to us? To live by one’s conscience in all things is the key to righteousness, and righteousness is the key to all blessings. “The effective, fervent prayer of a righteous man availeth much.” (James 5:16)

    The light that shineth in darkness commends us to pray, thus to enjoy communion with the Spirit and to prepare to fulfill the end and purpose of our existence when we are reunited with our Maker. Truly, no words can express fully the manner not the rewards of effective prayer. These are known only by our own careful experiment and experience. But we can say that in and through God-given opportunities of prayer lies everything good which eternity can offer. “Ask, and it shall be given you; seek and ye shall find; knock, and it shall be opened unto you.” (Matthew 7:7)

  • The Morality of Leadership, 1960s

    (Written in the 1960’s)

    Why do men organize? Men organize because their collective power is greater than their individual power; sometimes it is greater than their additive individual power.

    What does organization necessitate? Organization necessitates leadership: someone to direct and coordinate the members of the group that the pursuit of their collective goal through collective power might be efficient. Were the group not coordinated—that is to say, they would attempt to function as a group but without leadership—it would have the effect only of a mob. It might accomplish destructive but not constructive goals.

    What is the usual pitfall of organization? The great pitfall of organization almost always encountered, almost everywhere, almost all the time, it that those who assume positions of leadership begin to subvert the benefits of collective power for their own personal aggrandizement or enrichment. This is the suggestion of D&C Section 121. It says that we have learned by past experience that it is the nature and disposition of almost all men, as soon as they get a little power and authority, as they suppose, to begin to exercise unrighteous dominion.

    What can the group do to avoid and restrain the selfishness of leaders? One of the best devices which men have discovered to keep leadership in check is to have short terms of office with the possibility of recall at any time. These provisions make the leader responsive to the will of the people. It is not surprising, however, that many leaders seek to lengthen the time of their office, to destroy the mechanisms of recall, to entrench themselves in power, etc. It is not infrequent that leaders will create crises as an attempt to frighten constituents into keeping them in office under the idea of “not rocking the boat” or “not changing horses in mid-stream.”

    The question might be asked, “Is it not inefficient to elect frequently and to subject leaders to recall?” the argument from efficiency is generally used in a deceptive manner in focusing on the short run. But the only efficiency that really counts is long-run efficiency. Righteousness, goodness, expertness, perfection are seldom efficient in the short run. It is only in the long run that anything really good can be vindicated, and the long run always vindicates that which is right. To say this another way, right is that which turns out to be good in the long run. Being eternal beings, it is to the long run of our existence that we must most carefully attend. The Father of Lies would have us judge things only in the immediate perspective and as we succumb to his propaganda, thus he has greater power to destroy our understanding of what is good and right. Satan’s argument in the pre-existence was that of efficiency: he would come down and save everyone, that not one soul should be lost. But this, of course, was only a short-term good because in the long run he would have deprived all of the opportunity for exaltation.

    Is there not perhaps a positive way to prevent the abuse of leadership? Indeed there is, and this is to select men and women as our leaders who are strong, moral persons; persons who will not yield to the temptation to subvert the power and opportunity of their office to their own personal ends.

    What might be the principle of morality which a leader should have and should follow? There are four principles that are paramount in the morality of leadership.

    First, the leader must see himself and consider himself only as a member of the group. That is to say, he should allow the group to benefit him only in the same ways in which every other member of the group is benefited.

    Secondly, the leader must see that the group, in fulfilling its potential of producing good, builds the individual members of the group so that each becomes a stronger, better, more capable and more moral person. One theory of leadership is that power should be delegated, but never authority. This theory is seen in operation where the leader makes all decisions, but expects everyone else to do all the work. But only as a person has authority and discretion and must discern for himself the best use of his own power does he grow as an individual. If he grows as an individual, he becomes capable of releasing greater good to the society, and the society can only be great and good if the individual members of the society are good and great. A great society without great individuals at its base is a species of the purest fantasy, completely unrelated to any earthly possibility.

    Thirdly, the leader must know that what he is doing is best for the group. The world has no shortage of people who think they know what is right. Every generation, every situation, has its self-appointed savior: people who assert that they have the wisdom and the insight, and if given the reins of power they can solve the problems at hand. A little investigation of epistemology readily shows, however, that human beings, as human beings, have no mental capability that would enable them to know for sure what is right and what is wrong. So far as plans and solutions for our practical problems are concerned, the most intelligent act of any human being as a leader would be to defer to someone who does know all, knows what is best, and who can and will direct him. The only possible source of such omniscience and wisdom is, of course, the Lord. This is why every leader who will not accept Jesus Christ as his head is immoral. That is to say, he does not benefit the group as he could and thus leads them astray.

    Fourthly, the leader must have the courage of his convictions. He must be willing to sacrifice himself, his fortune, his life, his property, if necessary, in the execution of what is right and good through his office. If he has not courage, the ubiquitous pressure for privilege, for pride, and for self-interest on the part of both himself and others associated with him will destroy him and his efforts no matter how good his intentions are.

    It can be seen from the above that the morality of leadership is inextricably associated with the living of the true Gospel of Jesus Christ. This is why the Lord has given his Saints only to be rulers of this earth. All other ruling is immoral at least and is also a usurpation if inflicted upon a group by some power other than their own free choice.

    But please do not confuse membership in the Church of Latter-day Saints to be the same as a true saint. A true saint actually lives the Gospel of Jesus Christ, whereas some members of the Church do not. In fact, a member who professes faith in Christ but actually serves Satan is one of the most dangerous people in this world.

  • FREEDOM FOR WHAT? (Written in the late 1950’s)

    by Chauncey C. Riddle

    There once was a lord who desired to bless his servants. Calling to him his master-builder, he charged him to build a spacious and beautiful dwelling place for his servants. But the lord required of the master-builder one special restriction: the dwelling place must be of a heavenly order, not conformed to the habitations of the world. The master-builder was taken aback at this restriction, but he inquired of the lord as to what manner of buildings one would find in the heavenly plan; he was told that as he sought to know and partake of the order of heaven, he would be given a vision of the heavenly mansion required at his hands.

                Encouraged and enthused, the master-builder sought to ennoble his mind and heart to partake of the heavenly order. His sacrifice was not in vain for indeed he did begin to have small glimpses of the mansion he was to build. Carefully he treasured the insight he received, and began to draw the plans of the edifice. When his understanding of the footings and foundation was complete, he besought the approval of his lord. The lord’s countenance was radiant as he commended the master-builder for his faithfulness and bade him proceed with the foundations immediately.

                As the master-builder and his fellow-workers toiled at the excavations and forms, men of the world came to view their labors. Duly noting the strangeness of the plan, these men of the world delegated another master-builders among them to warn the lord’s master-builder. In a kindly but firm way they showed him how the plans were not of the pattern of the world, and therefore would neither yield a stable building nor would anyone want to dwell therein.

                The lord’s master-builder was pleased with the interest of his colleagues, but assured them that the plan was just what his lord wanted. But his colleagues pressed him. “Is your lord a master-builder, that he should know whereof he speaks?” “Anyone who is competent can see that these plans are formulated without due regard to the laws of physics.” “Do you have a right to squander the limited resources of our world in such a misguided undertaking?” “Where are the plans for the rest of the building?” “Do you mean to say that you would actually proceed to lay a foundation without having the total plans and specifications of your structure?”

                The master-builder calmly stood his ground, even though he could not answer his would-be benefactors. Horrified at such naiveté and with mutterings about “intelligence,” “sanity,” and “senility,” the delegation hurried over to the master-builder’s fellow-workers who were toiling in the afternoon sun. With earnest purpose the delegation fanned out among the workers and began to explain that this foundation was ill-conceived and would eventually cause the misery and destruction of many souls. Being master-builders they easily overpowered the reason and understanding of the workers. The combination of hot sun and powerful arguments soon had all but a few convinced that the leader was in error. Carefully they listened to the delegation of master-builders as to how a responsible builder would build a good, reliable worldly building. Even the workers who did not believe the delegation gave up in despair as they saw everyone else stop and cluster around the delegates. “Surely,” they said, “we cannot build this structure alone.”

                The lord’s master-builder spoke plainly and firmly to his fellow-workers. He told them to trust in their lord, not in these men of the world. But his voice was dim against the din of the delegation. With shouts and “hurrahs” the workers received the standard worldly plans offered to them, and hastened to tear down the forms and to lay the building out according to these new plans. The delegation cheered them on and even took up a collection and procured refreshments for the the workers. The workers who did not believe the delegates stood idly by and said, “Surely we will see the end of this thing. If our master-builder is right, perhaps our lord’s building will build itself; if this worldly building is sufficient to our needs, then we do not need our lord’s building. Meanwhile, we will not waste our labor in the hot sun.”

                Seeing no way he could convince his workers, the distraught master-builder went to his lord and prayed for relief. The lord instructed him to continue to plead with the workers and to fear nothing. “Your own mansion is assured,” he comforted the master-builder. “Those faithless workers cannot destroy your blessings. It is their own blessings which they reject, for now they will have no heavenly mansion wherein to dwell.”

                With the courage born of hope, the lord’s master-builder returned to the construction site and began to entreat his fellow-workers one by one. They listened respectfully to him, then went on with the new plans. The master-builder called them all together for an evening meeting. They rejoiced and commended him for his inspiring talk. But some said, “I understood him to say that the new worldly way is really better.” In the morning they all went back to work on the worldly building.

                Notwithstanding the fact that the delegation of worldly master-builders had successfully thwarted the work of the lord’s master-builder, they were worried that he might win some of the workers back and begin to build strange buildings again. They sought out the governor of the land and explained their case. The governor was sympathetic, but lamented that since men in that society were free, there was no law by which he could legally restrain the lord’s master-builder. The delegation then went to the legislature and with vivid descriptions portrayed the irreparable damage to morals and society which the plan of the lord’s master-builder would inflict. With anxious indignation the legislature decreed that it was society and not men which should be free, and it enacted into law a statute providing that no person had the right to promote causes that were not first approved by a council of the world’s foremost experts. This would guarantee that no person’s mind would be trammeled by anything but the best which the world has to offer. It would also block the squandering of resources on projects which did not serve the interests of the whole society.

                Armed with legal sanctity and moral indignation mixed with pity, the delegation confronted the lord’s master-builder with a writ and led him away where he could not disturb the workers in their enjoyment of their natural blessings. Triumphantly the delegation declared the elimination of all disunity among the people and proclaimed the era of universal peace and the brotherhood of men. But a peculiar problem haunted that millenial era. They could all agree on Mother Nature, but they never could quite agree as to who was worthy to be the Father of all those brothers.

                This parable portrays the problem of establishing Zion. Zion is the great creative work of the latter days. It is the preparation of a people and a dwelling place where the Lord Jesus Christ may come to live and reign for a thousand years. This task is more demanding of ingenuity, efficiency, astuteness and, above all, faithfulness, than any other task men could undertake. For while the world tries to create a utopia through force, coercion, control and propaganda, Zion is built only by laying a sure foundation of purity in righteousness in the heart of every person who would participate.

                The problem in establishing Zion, as in the parable, is to convert the workers to be servants of the Lord Jesus Christ and to serve him through the Holy Spirit. This is to say that every worker must himself be a master-builder. Any man who attempts to labor in the kingdom of God who does not hear the voice of the Holy Spirit, does not see the vision of the goal, does not know the Lord, cannot stand. The pressures of the world, the ardor of the labor, but more especially the misguided thinking of the world destroy the effectiveness of him who does not know Christ. He who knows not Christ feels restricted by Christ’s Church, and is horrified that the Lord’s way of doing things is not in harmony with the thinking of the world. In warm appreciation of the things of the world, the misguided worker who knows not Christ rejects the prophets of God and proceeds to serve God and man after the image of the world—not even conceiving that he is thereby fighting Christ.

                The issue of freedom is plainly one of objectives if we are concerned with the work of the Savior’s Church. The man who knows not Christ feels hampered and destroyed because the prophets of the Church do not laud him when he promotes worldliness. He may sense something great and wonderful about the Gospel and thus remain bound to the Church, but he will likely deny the power thereof, which constant personal revelation from Jesus Christ through the Holy Ghost. Such an one can only be set free by converting him to accept and abide in the spiritual order of Christ’s plan for the salvation of men.

                Let us proceed to examine the matter of freedom from a more fundamental point of view. The issue at hand concerns the dual nature of man. It is not the traditional mind-body dichotomy that is pertinent. Rather should we look to the choice which each man enjoys to select for himself a nature, a character.

                Man may on the one hand choose to be “natural.” This means simply that he chooses to remain as he finds himself in the world: subject to the flesh and without Christ. This natural man has a carnal mind: his thinking is furnished data and influences only through the flesh. He relies upon his eyes, ears, and the opinions of other men as he communicates with them through the flesh. The natural man is not inherently bad. But in either not knowing or in rejecting the influence of Christ, he cannot keep the laws of God, and thus becomes an enemy to God.

                Man may on the other hand be born again, to have his spiritual feelings, ears, eyes, touch in turn become sensitive to the influence of Christ in this world. Adding to the senses of the body and the information derived thereby the senses of the spirit as he communicates with divine beings, the spiritual man sees, know, and judges out of a double insight. The law of the Gospel is no mystery to him and he delights in receiving commandments through the Holy Spirit, for he stays himself upon the God of Israel. Such a man is free from the blindness of the natural man, free to know the gods and to learn of righteousness, free to do and to gain every good and righteous thing.

                But the choice between remaining a natural man and becoming a saint is not a simple matter. It cannot be decided once and for all, putting on sainthood as we might don a robe. Choosing to be a saint is to choose to gain a divine character, to take upon oneself the divine nature of Christ. To become a saint is the adding together of thousands, perhaps millions of consecutive moment-to-moment correct choices. At each moment a man may yield to Satan by yielding to the impulses and ideas of his flesh, or he may, if the Holy Spirit is with him, choose to be obedient to the voice of Christ. As a man chooses to yield himself unto Christ, moment after moment, his nature and character are changed. With the increment that accrues with each correct decision he becomes more like Christ, to have the understanding, emotions, insights, expressions, appearance and powers of his beloved master. If he endures to the end, nothing will be withheld from him as he becomes a joint heir with his Savior.

                The greatest freedom in this world then is the freedom to become Christ-like. The alternative is to stay relatively as we are: to be damned.

                In all fairness it should be noted that to a man who wishes to be carnal and natural, the greatest freedom of becoming like Christ is not seen by him as a freedom at all, but as a threat. Not wanting to be different than he is, rather wanting to be conformed to the world, he resents any encouragement to repent and feels terribly put upon if in any way the Kingdom of God places any stigma on his speech, dress, work, etc. He wants to be free to do as he wants, to create and revel in greater and greater worldliness. He will cry in righteous indignation, “I am a moral man. I love children. I am active in my church. I am diligent in my work. How can you accuse me of being worldly? All I want is academic freedom, to do and say as I please, to investigate anything, anywhere, anytime. It is truth which I worship, and you and your narrow-minded religion are not going to stop me from finding and creating truth.”

                This natural man does not understand or accept several fundamental ideas. He does not know that why we act is even more important than what we do. He therefore cannot understand that only acts which are willing obedience to the personal commands of Jesus Christ are good and that whatsoever is not of faith is sin. He does not know that the greatest thing in the world is doing good, not knowing truth. He does not know that a man cannot know any important amount of truth except through Jesus Christ. He does not know that Jesus Christ will not and cannot fill him with truth except his goal is to do good. He does not know that the most difficult part of learning to do good is to be good. He does not see the necessity to transform his character and nature to be Christ-like so that he can stand to receive the knowledge and power that enable one to do real good, to love with a pure love. Not understanding or accepting these ideas, the natural man fights against the work of Christ, and even in all the charity he can muster of himself, he only promotes the damnation of himself and others.

                If this natural man is a member of Christ’s church, there are other important ideas he will not be able to understand or accept. He will not see that if there seems to be an anti-intellectual influence in the church that it is an anti-natural-intellectual influence, a resistance to the man who sets himself up as a light unto the world but who knows not Christ. He will not believe that to be spiritual demands intellectuality, and that the best way to solve any intellectual problem and to develop one’s intellect is to come unto Christ and to be tutored and reproved by the Holy Spirit from moment to moment. He will likely belittle the group of men who have the greatest intellectual attainments of any group of human beings on the earth today: the prophets, seers, and revelators of Christ’s church. And because he will not accept the constant influence of the Holy Spirit in his life, he cannot accept the prophets, and thus cannot accept Jesus Christ. He indeed may say, “I am a servant of Christ.” But when he rejects the Holy Spirit and the prophets, both of which are in agreement, he indeed rejects Christ.

                To the humble man of God, there is no boundary to this freedom or to his creativity. If he wishes to relieve the suffering of the poor, his master will show him how it can be done in righteousness and will give him the power to do it. If he desires to produce great art for the edification of the souls of men, his master will comfort him through the long struggle of gaining technique and judgment, and then will inspire the great themes to be portrayed. If he wishes to conquer the secrets of the physical universe that the kingdom of God may roll forth and fill the immensity of space, nothing will hinder him. If his soul hungers to bring happiness and salvation to men by bringing them the glad tidings of the Gospel, his feet will be sped and prospered, till they become beautiful upon the mountains to the nations of the earth.

                The servant of Christ feels no restriction because he does not want to create after the manner of the world. He delights in instruction and reproof, for his only desire is to create, to bless, to improve according to the heavenly pattern, which he sees only dimly at first. Barriers to the ways of the world are not barriers to him, because he seeks to go up, not down. The only barriers he fights are the chains of error in his mind, the evil impulses of his breast, the weakness of his physical powers, the shallowness and inconsistency of his own love. He does not need to rebel against any segment of society to quiet his fears, for he fears only himself and the degree to which his own character is yet unlike that of Christ.

                The servant of God seeks first, then, to bring to pass that greatest of all miracles, the creation of a Christ-like being out of his own natural self. He struggles through repentance to gain a new mind, a new heart, a new countenance, a new body, a new faith, a new hope, a new charity. Having gained that miracle, he then turns to the work of enticing every person and every thing to partake of the goodness of Christ, even as he has. He will create ideas, programs, cities, industries, families, friends, servants of Christ—all done by persuasion, by love unfeigned, even as he himself was drawn unto Christ without compulsion. He does not fear age or death, for his work and his creations are eternal. All he accomplishes will endure, and passing into eternity is but one further step of freedom.

                But in this life he hopes that he will not be the only master-builder. He hopes and prays that others will dedicate themselves to the Lord, that together they might perfect their characters, that together they might establish a Zion that never will be taken away. And all this for the glory of that great God who begat them unto a newness of life.

  • Review of The Conservative Mind, 1950s

    (Written in the 1950’s)

    Democracy is a travesty without the responsible participation of an intelligent and informed electorate. No person can be intelligent and informed without an understanding of both sides of an issue. Russell Kirk’s work The Conservative Mind, provides an excellent opportunity for every citizen to become more responsible through reading a careful and thorough assessment of the historical and ideological facets of conservatism. The importance of this book is measured in large part by the fact that liberalism is ubiquitous in our society; it is unavoidable because it permeates education and communication, and has penetrated virtually every institution of our society. Liberalism is the legacy of Greek naturalism resurrected in Renaissance humanism and promulgated by the majority of the “intellectuals” of the modern society. Its proponents like to find it the cause and concomitant of everything good in Western Civilization.

    Conservatism on the other hand is a position which has had few articulate and even fewer popular spokesmen. Most of the persons Kirk discusses will be either unknown or not previously known to be outstanding conservatives for most readers. But conservatism has not lacked for adherents. A conservative is anyone who tries to preserve something which is demonstrably good. The great mass of conservatives has been religious people who have sought to retain the tried and true aspects of their faith against the onslaught of excessive rationalism. Since the educated liberal rationalists have controlled most educational and communication opportunities in the modern world, conservatism has persisted mainly as a passive resistance to intellectual vagary, a somewhat inarticulate solid “common sense” of practical people.

    Unfortunately for the conservative cause, the reactionism of vested material interests has frequently been aligned with conservatism in historical situations. In this unnatural but de facto association, the reactionary element has usually been more vocal and has pressed its leadership. This association has given the liberals an opportunity to smear conservatism with the moral irresponsibility that properly applies to most reactionism. In religion, the prophets have been the conservative leaders, trying to persuade the people to hold fast to the good word of God; the Pharisees have been the reactionaries, and the Sadducees have been the liberals. When the people have had no prophet, those of conservative bent have had to suffer somewhat silently under the oppression of self-styled leaders of the right or the left.

    Political conservatism is in the main a rather recent possibility. The history of mankind has generally been one of bestial tyranny of man over man. In such cases of tyranny, the only good cause was liberal, to free men from despotic power. But any degree of freedom for the “common man” has usually been short-lived. One shining example to the contrary has been the experiment with constitutional republican government among Anglo-Saxon peoples. The crux of this movement has been voluntary submission to just law as a substitute for forced suppression under the will of the tyrant. British and American society have known during the last two hundred years a freedom for the common man virtually unparalleled in history. The attempt to conserve this freedom for the common man is the essence of political conservatism.

    Conservatism in politics becomes a necessity because the maintenance of freedom is a precarious balance. The tyranny of the monarch must not be succeeded by the tyranny of the aristocracy, of the legislature, or of the majority. Perhaps the most obvious generalization of history is that men in power generally abuse that power. Checks and balances of power and decentralization of government provide the only hitherto proven basis for the protection of the freedom of the common man. Such a government appears to the rationalist to be an inefficient basis for economic maximization; the rationalist is presently engaged in attempting to buy the freedom of the common man from him by paying him with pottage. The choice is between a real and present freedom as opposed to a promised carnal security.

    Though the able proponents of conscious political conservatism have been few, they have spoken and spoken well, though largely unheard thanks to the careful censorship and insidious ridicule of the liberal canopy. Kirk attempts to impress the reader with the logical clarity, the realism, the responsibleness of the few conservative statesmen who have risen above the reactionary politicians to proclaim the conservative case on the basis of principle rather than expediency. Those of a conservative bent will find Kirk’s book a satisfying witness that they are not alone and that conservatism is intellectually respectable. Those who are uncertain will find an opportunity to test their own hearts for conservative yearnings.

    Kirk lists six basic canons of conservative political thought which provide the thread to unite thinkers from Burke to Santayana. These six ideas might be paraphrased as follows:

    1. Belief in a divine power to which men are responsible, political problems being basically moral and religious problems.
    2. Delight in the opportunity for the expression of individual differences as opposed to the leveling and equalitarianism enforced in most modern liberal schemes.
    3. Recognition that men are not equal even though they should be considered morally equal under the law. Tyrants and unprincipled men should not be allowed to replace natural leaders of moral stature.
    4. Belief that private property and freedom are inseparably connected.
    5. Belief that man must subdue his appetites and passions to the rule of reason and knowledge. Mob action and anarchy must be checked by principle.
    6. Recognition that change is not always progress.

    Though these canons are neither exhaustive nor mutually exclusive, they do provide an excellent working basis for a conservative thinker to probe his own mind and to perfect the ideological basis of his own conservatism.

  • Poem, 1949

    My Father:
    Forgive me: my head bowed low
    Is weighted down with sin;
    I need not say, you too well know
    The rottenness within.

    I could not ask for blessings more,
    My cup e’en yet o’erflows;
    The wicked soul when blest is poor,
    His debt still ever grows.

    What can I say to you, O Lord,
    Who are most just and right;
    You cannot make me better, Lord;
    I, alone, must fight.

    What is this beast within my breast
    That o’erpowers me so:
    Am I doomed to live with him
    And down to Hell to go?

    Whence comes his strength, so fierce and great
    He flaunts my conscious will;
    And shamefully does desecrate
    That which I love still.

    Is he me, and I this devil,
    That oft appears so fair;
    And yet within doth so oft revel
    In sin’s red, ugly glare?

    What can I do to purge my soul?
    Oh were it hand or foot!
    Dismember and regain the whole
    Without this damning root?

    But, alas, my heart, my mind,
    Cure not by bladed thrust;
    Oh! would to God, that he might bind
    My soul-consuming lust!

    My God is good, and right, and just;
    Free agency is mine.
    So, I am free, in Hell to rust;
    My end, my own design.

    This freedom that now drags me low
    My stepping stone will be;
    I’ll kill that beast within, and know
    Eternal life with Thee.

    So, my God, in hectic prayer,
    I two things only ask;
    I cannot else, in my despair,
    And in my fearful task:

    First, for me, just let me live,
    That I may battle long;
    And each won battle strength will give,
    Till victory be my song.

    By everything within me true,
    If Thou wilt give me time,
    In some far day, my soul all new,
    Will dwell in realms sublime.

    Next, and most, for others, Lord;
    My loved ones sweet and true;
    If I fall by sin’s great sword,
    Let them dwell with you.

    Ease their pang, make them forget
    That ever I did live;
    Lest one who falls into the jet
    To others damage give.

    This, my prayer, O Lord of Night,
    You know my struggle sore;
    You too, have fought this deadly blight,
    But now you fight no more.

    I know no what the future might,
    This only do I ken:
    I love Thee, Thy truth and right;
    In name of Christ, Amen.

  • Humanist Manifesto (1933) (Philosophy 110)

    Published in The New Humanist, May/June 1933

    THE TIME has come for widespread recognition of the radical changes in religious beliefs throughout the modern world. The time is past for mere revision of traditional attitudes. Science and economic change have disrupted the old beliefs. Religions the world over are under the necessity of coming to terms with new conditions created by a vastly increased knowledge and experience. In every field of human activity, the vital movement is now in the direction of a candid and explicit humanism. In order that religious humanism may be better understood we, the undersigned, desire to make certain affirmations which we believe the facts of our contemporary life demonstrate.

    There is great danger of a final, and we believe fatal, identification of the word religion with doctrines and methods which have lost their significance and which are powerless to solve the problem of human living in the Twentieth Century. Religions have always been means for realizing the highest values of life. Their end has been accomplished through the interpretation of the total environing situation (theology or world view) the sense of values resulting therefrom (goal or ideal), and the technique (cult), established for realizing the satisfactory life. A change in any of these factors results in alteration of the outward forms of religion. This fact explains the changefulness of religions through the centuries. But through all changes religion itself remains constant in its quest for abiding values, an inseparable feature of human life.

    Today man’s larger understanding of the universe, his scientific achievements, and his deeper appreciation of brotherhood, have created a situation which requires a new statement of the means and purposes of religion. Such a vital, fearless, and frank religions capable of furnishing adequate social goals and personal satisfactions may appear to many people as a complete break with the past. While this age does owe a vast debt to the traditional religions, it is none the less obvious that any religions that can hope to be a synthesizing and dynamic force for today must be shaped for the needs of this age. To establish such a religions is a major necessity of the present. It is a responsibility which rests upon this generation. We therefore affirm the following:

    First: Religious humanists regard the universe as self-existing and not created.

    Second: Humanism believes that man is a part of nature and that he has emerged as the result of a continuous process.

    Third: Holding an organic view of life, humanists find that the traditional dualism of mind and body must be rejected.

    Fourth: Humanism recognized that man’s religious culture and civilization, as clearly depicted by anthropology and history, are the product of a gradual development due to his interaction with his natural environment and with his social heritage. The individual born into a particular culture is largely molded to that culture.

    Fifth: Humanism asserts that the nature of the universe depicted by modern science makes unacceptable any supernatural or cosmic guarantees of human values. Obviously humanism does not deny the possibility of realities as yet undiscovered, but it does insist that the way to determine the existence and value of any and all realities is by mean of intelligent inquiry and by the assessment of their relation to human needs. Religion must formulate its hopes and plans in the light of the scientific spirit and method.

    Sixth: We are convinced that the time has passed for theism, deism, modernism, and the several varieties of “new thought.”

    Seventh: Religion consists of those actions, purposes, and experiences which are humanly significant. Nothing human is alien to the religious. It includes labor, art, science, philosophy, love, friendship, recreation — all that is in its degree expressive of intelligently satisfying human living. The distinction between the sacred and the secular can no longer be maintained.

    Eighth: Religious humanism considers the complete realization of human personality to be the end of man’s life and seeks its development and fulfillment in the here and now. This is the explanation of the humanist’s social passion.

    Ninth: In place of the old attitudes involved in worship and prayer the humanist finds his religious emotions expressed in a heightened sense of personal life and in a cooperative effort to promote social well-being.

    Tenth: It follows that there will be no uniquely religious emotions and attitudes of the kind hitherto associated with belief in the supernatural.

    Eleventh: Man will learn to face the crises of life in terms of his knowledge of their naturalness and probability. Reasonable and manly attitudes will be fostered by education and supported by custom. We assume that humanism will take the path of social and mental hygiene and discourage sentimental and unreal hopes and wishful thinking.

    Twelfth: Believing that religion must work increasingly for joy in living, religious humanist aim to foster the creative in man and to encourage achievements that add to the satisfactions of life.

    Thirteenth: Religious humanism maintains that all associations and institutions exist for the fulfillment of human life. The intelligent evaluation, transformation, control, and direction of such associations and institutions with a views to the enhancement of human life is the purpose and program of humanism. Certainly religious institutions, their ritualistic forms, ecclesiastical methods, and communal activities must be reconstituted as rapidly as experience allows, in order to function effectively in the modern world.

    Fourteenth: The humanists are firmly convinced that existing acquisitive and profit-motivated society has shown itself to be inadequate and that a radical change in methods, controls, and motives must be instituted. A social and cooperative economic order must be established to the end that the equitable distribution of the means of life be possible. The goal of humanism is a fee and universal society in which people voluntarily and intelligently cooperate for the common good. Humanists demand a shared life in a shared world.

    Fifteenth and last: We asset that humanism will: (a) affirm life rather than deny it; (b) seek to elicit the possibilities of life, not flee from it; and (c) endeavor to establish the conditions of a satisfactory life for all, not merely the few. By this positive morale and intention humanism will be guided, and from this perspective and alignment, the techniques and efforts of humanism will flow.

    So stand the these of religious humanism. Though we consider the religious forms and ideas of our fathers no longer adequate, the quest for the good life is still the central task for mankind. man is at last becoming aware that he alone is responsible for the realization of the world of his dreams, that he has within himself the power for its achievement. He must set intelligence and will to the task.

    (Signed)

    J.A.C. Fagginer Auer

    Harold P. Marley

    Burdette Backus

    R. Lester Mondale

    Harry Elmer Barnes

    Charles Francis Potter

    L.M. Birkhead

    John Herman Randall, Jr.

    Raymond B. Bragg

    Curtis W. Reese

    Edwin Arthur Burtt

    Oliver L. Reiser

    Ernest Caldecott

    Roy Wood Sellars

    A.J. Carlson

    Clinton Lee Scott

    John Dewey

    Maynard Shipley

    Albert C. Dieffenbach

    W. Frank Swift

    John H. Dietrich

    V.T. Thayer

    Bernard Fantus

    Eldred C. Vanderlaan

    William Floyd

    Joseph Walker

    F.H. Hankins

    Jacob J. Weinstein

    Eustace Haydon Frank

    S.C. Wicks

    Llewellyn Jones

    David Rhys Williams

    Robert Morss Lovett

    Edwin H. Wilson