Category: Chauncey Riddle

  • Human Learning and Teaching, 1979

    15 March 1979

    I. Definitions:

    1.   Learning: Change in the neural mechanisms of the human body which result from the natural processes of reaction to environment, and which change the response of the person to the environment.

    2.   Teaching: Deliberate imposition of an artifactual environmental factor intended to change the responses of a target population to its environment.

    3.   Curriculum: An artifactual environmental factor designed to produce a desired change in the responses of a target population to its environment.

    4.   Curricular intervention= teaching: All teaching involves curriculum.

    5.   Education: A general concept which sums the learning and teaching related to a desired behavioral outcome in a given population.

    III. Postulates:

    1.   Learning is a spiritual function made possible only by divine intervention.

    2.   Human learning requires no human teaching if sufficient divine intervention (divine teaching) takes place.

    3.   Divine teaching supplements human teaching only where necessary for human learning.

    4.   Morality maximizes divine teaching in a person’s life and the efficiency of human teaching. Immorality minimizes divine teaching in a person’s life and diminishes the efficiency of human teaching.

    III. Principles of Human Learning and Teaching:

    1.   The number of learning instances necessary to adequate behavior is inversely proportional to the emotional interest involved.

    2.   Fear inhibits learning of all things except those related to the avoidance of the object of the fear.

    3.   Human teacher productivity is limited by the following factors:

    • a.   Teacher learning
    • b.   Teacher ability to communicate
    • c.   Adequacy of the curricular artifact employed
    • d.   Time and resources available to the teacher
    • e.   Homogeneity of the target population
    • f.    Student interest

    4.   The average human population can tolerate a novelty factor of no more than 20% in a learning situation.

    5.   The most important teacher variable is character.

    6.   The characteristics of delivery systems govern the effectiveness and efficiency of human learning.

    7.   Improvements of teacher performance affects learning minimally.

    8.   Change of learner values affects learning maximally.

    9.   Teaching innovations usually fail when they pass from the hands of the inventor.

    10. Human learning productivity is limited by the following factors:

    • a.   Previous learning
    • b.   Present emotional state
    • c.   Time and resources available (including teachers and curriculum)
    • d.   Spiritual state
    • e.   Desire

    11. Review after 24 hours, 7 days, 30 days: remember forever.

  • The Mission of a Latter-day Saint, 1979

    1 March 1979

    The life mission of every member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is identical in its general features. Those features are that:

    1. The whole of each person’s life is seen to be a mission in the cause of Jesus Christ from the time one receives the covenant of baptism until one releases that final breath. This means 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, at home or abroad, in sickness or in health, and in whatever marital state or Church calling one is found.
    2. Each person’s daily assignment in that mission is to turn his assigned portion of evil to good. Seeing evil as that which is not as good as it could be and taking the Savior as the standard of good, the life of a Latter-day Saint is one continuous labor to uplift, to ennoble, to beautify, to instruct, to correct, to celestialize all around him, when, where, and how it is appropriate to his stewardship and as directed by the Holy Spirit.

    A child forlorn, frightened, or sobbing is an evil of this world: it is the mission of a saint to hold that child, to administer comfort, security, and understanding as the manifestation of a pure and inspired love, thus turning an evil into something better. A ward choir which sings grudgingly, mechanically, egotistically is an evil; with skill, sensitivity and love an inspired director can lift every participant to praise God with voice and song, to bear witness and gratitude through the meaning of the lyrics, to sing to bless rather than for recognition or reward. A widow’s home is unpainted, with sagging doors, cracked panes and drafty casements; a small army of craftsmen who care descends upon that home and leaves function where there was fault, dignity in place of deterioration, warmth instead of wounded heart. The children of an Andean village have no opportunity for education; a low cost, locally administered self-help program is designed, embodied and delivered, giving those children access to the modern world. Even as a people languish in ignorance of their true spiritual heritage, their need is assuaged by the teaching of the Restored Gospel in their midst.

    Thus every father, mother, builder, teacher, chemist, administrator, and repairman who is a covenant servant of Christ is striving each day to make the world a better place, to uplift, encourage and comfort not only fellow Latter-day Saints but ultimately all of the earth’s inhabitants. No one except the President of the Church carries the burden to worry about the whole world, for each turns to his own neighbors and stewardship for his field of labor. Each morning each faithful servant goes to his knees in prayer to discern his assigned quotient of evil to be turned into good for that day, knowing that the powers of heaven will assist his faithful labor and that therefore his day will be “sufficient unto the evil thereof.”

    Compensation is the last thing the true servant is concerned about. He knows that he must perform honorable work and be compensated for it to provide for himself, his family and to have a modest surplus with which to bless others. He knows that his greatest personal opportunity is to turn evil into good for which he is not compensated; therefore he deliberately spreads his resources of wisdom, knowledge, skill and substance in many times and places where there cannot or should not be any return favor. And he always remembers that it is to the Savior that he is beholden for his health, strength, mentality, knowledge, wisdom and skill with which to bless, be it in compensated or non-compensated opportunities to do good.

    Thus the mission of the Latter-day Saint is to waste and wear his mortal life out in searching the mind and will of the Savior to discern his formal and informal callings, then to turn evil into good in those callings. He thinks about poverty, ignorance, disease, inferior values, corruption in high and low places and strives to help. He may need to invent, to translate, to build, to tear down, to persuade, to expose, to correlate, to cooperate, but all with pure motive and under the direction of his master, the Lord Jesus Christ. Whatever preparation he needs to fulfill his task, he seeks, beginning with repentance from all sin, carrying through the acquisition of knowledge and skills, culminating in attaining power in the priesthood to do all good things. It is through the efforts of such servants of Jesus Christ that this earth will be first terrestrialized, then celestialized and delivered spotless and whole to its worthy creator.

  • Education and Repentance, 1979

    1 March 1979

    Repentance in the Restored Gospel can be viewed as the process of change. Specifically, it is the change from being a natural man to being as Christ. To endure to the end is to repent so completely that we become new creatures, just men made perfect, even as our Father in Heaven is perfect.

    Seen this way, repentance is an educational process. It involves comprehending something that is better, then achieving that better condition. Line upon line, precept upon precept, the servant of Christ is taught to understand and then to exemplify a new way of living.

    To construe repentance as education is not to construe all education as repentance, for one can learn to become evil as well as good. But viewing education in this manner does help us better to promote repentance. We see clearly that repentance is the process wherein gospel principles are progressively taught and learned, thus enabling the faithful to govern themselves correctly.

    The principal reason for the existence of the Church of Jesus Christ in every dispensation is to promote repentance. It does this by first teaching and preaching the Gospel to all to whom the Savior sends them. The Gospel is the basic message as to how to repent. Then, for those who accept the gospel, the Church assumes the responsibility of perfecting the saints, that all who will, may endure to the end. Everything in this world that is virtuous, lovely, of good report, or praiseworthy is sought after in order that all persons may come to the measure of the stature of the fulness of Christ.

    While it is the principal responsibility of Church leaders to promote repentance, Gospel education in the full sense, that opportunity is shared by every member of the kingdom. Apostles, prophets, and presidents are set to teach, preach, expound, exhort as they lead the house of Israel to become like the Savior. But it is a wicked and slothful servant that must be commanded in all things. Each covenant servant has within him the gift of the Holy Ghost, that precious pearl of great price which empowers each to be an agent himself, to receive knowledge and direction from heavenly sources and to bring to pass much righteousness by careful, repentant obedience thereunto.

    Every faithful person in the Church of Jesus Christ thus ought to be engaged in the process of education. Each one should be seeking, searching, learning from those who are above him in the stewardship structure of the kingdom, including for everyone divine sources, but always being attentive to presiding authorities. Each one should be appropriately teaching, encouraging, correcting, commending all those who come within his stewardship, even if that stewardship includes only one’s self. And each person should be humble enough to learn from those under him in stewardship.

    The thesis of this paper is that repentance will be enhanced in the Church by seeing it as a species of education, and that education will be enhanced in the Church by seeing it as a species of repentance. Such a view would promote the following consequences:

    1. It would be plain that knowing the Gospel is not enough; that it is doing what we know which fulfills both repentance and education.
    2. It would be more easily recognized that telling people what they ought to do is only the first step of leadership; helping them to learn to do what they ought to do is also required for repentance and for education.
    3. Seen this way, repentance would lose the negative connotation it has for some (that which immoral people must do) and would become the way of life for all Church members who are not yet perfect.
    4. Seen this way, education would become a life-long way of living for all Church members, learning to know and to be able to do every good thing, thus to become able to bless others as did the Savior.
    5. Just as repentance is seen to be a means, not an end, linking it with education would help all to see that education is not an end but a means to greater service to others, a preparation for righteousness. This would tend to cure one of the persistent perversions of the “civilized” world: the idea that education is an end, sometimes held to be the ultimate end, in itself.
    6. If the additional idea of hungering after excellence is added to education, quality added to quantity, then education, as repentance, clearly centers on the Savior. For it is He who is the spirit of truth and light in the world, showing the world a more excellent way. Only in and through Jesus Christ is quality education fulfilled, just as only in and through Him is repentance fulfilled. He is the fountain of all righteousness.
  • Educational Ideals for Latter-day Saints, 1978

    28 April 1978

    The Role of the Patriarch (father) in Zion

    A patriarch is a faithful servant of Jesus Christ, bearer of the Melchizedek Priesthood, who is yoked with a faithful spouse in the temple covenants of eternal marriage.

    The primary goal of the patriarch is to endure to the end, which is life eternal.

    The companion goal of the patriarch is then to so lead and inspire his wife and posterity that they also come to know the Savior.

    The process of enduring to the end is mainly an educational process. One must be taught by others what to believe and what to do (we can be saved no faster than we gain the truth we need). And we must then learn to believe and to do all that we are taught. A righteous person is a disciple (learner) of Christ.

    The educational role of the patriarch is to be sure that his wife and children are fully instructed in all they need to know to be faithful to Christ, to overcome the world, and to subdue the earth.

    If the patriarch has fully learned all he needs to believe to be faithful to Christ, to overcome the world and to subdue the earth, and if he has learned to do and is doing all he should do, then he can fulfill his role, which has three principal parts:

    1.   To love purely, so that each person in his stewardship is enveloped in a spiritually oriented atmosphere of Christ-like love. Giving this emotional sustenance is by all odds the most important thing a patriarch ever does.

    2.   To instruct by example and precept in all that those in his stewardship need to know to do, in both spiritual and temporal matters.

    3.   To provide such spiritual, physical, social, economic protection and support as is necessary and appropriate.

    Those persons thus blessed by a patriarch father have the maximum earthly opportunity to exercise agency to learn what to do, to become what they will. For it is only this patriarchal order which provides full agency to any person on this earth.

    The Educational Ideal for Zion

    Assuming that fully developed patriarchs exist in the Church, what kind of education will they foster for those in their stewardship? Six kinds of education are proposed as categories to answer that question as follows:

    1.   Family Education. The patriarch and his wife assume direct personal responsibility for instructing each of their children in each of the following areas:

    • a.   Personal disciple
    •            1)   emotional steadiness
    •            2)   intellectual honesty and acuity
    •            3)   physical orderliness
    •            4)   unselfishness
    • b.   Language Skills
    • c.   Spiritual matters
    •            1)   the gospel
    •            2)   how to receive and live by the gifts of the Spirit
    •            3)   the scriptures
    •            4)   the order of the Church
    •            5)   the order of the priesthood
    • d.   Work—learning to do and to love it
    • e.   Ability to cooperate
    • f.    Hygiene
    •            1)   cleanliness
    •            2)   body functions
    •            3)   nutrition
    •            4)   exercise
    •            5)   healing
    • g.   Sex Education
    • h.   Horticulture
    • i.    Family preparedness
    • j.    Citizenship—opportunities and responsibilities
    • k.   Service—rendered as appropriate
    • l.    Skills, basic
    •            1)   care of tools
    •            2)   safety
    •            3)   food preparation
    •            4)   household management
    •            5)   care of machinery
    •            6)   teaching
    • m.  Social graces

    Parental influence in basic education has often done all it will do by the sixteenth year of each child’s life.

    2.   Basic Formal Education. The patriarch and his wife assume guidance and quality control in the educational opportunities which their children have in schooling outside of the family to learn:

    • a.   Literary skills
    • b.   Mathematical ability
    • c.   Sciences
    • d.   Countries and peoples
    • e.   Physical education
    • f.    Arts and crafts

    Basic formal education is roughly what is received in the United States in K-12 education.

    Parents should use whatever opportunities for this basic formal education which are available in their local area which do not put their children into a deadly emotional, spiritual, physical, or social environment.

    3.   Vocational Education. The patriarch and his wife assume the responsibility for instructing or arranging for instruction for each child in one or more manual skills by which that child could later support a family, such as:

    • a.   Secretarial skills
    • b.   Auto mechanics
    • c.   Farming/ranching
    • d.   Clothing construction
    • e.   Building trades

    Ideally this education would be substantially complete by the end of the teenage years.

    4.   General Education. The patriarch and his wife assume the responsibility for instructing or seeing that each child is instructed in the basic intellectual matters which a person needs to have to cope with the world. Areas which especially need to be pursued are:

    • a.   History
    • b.   Politics
    • c.   Economics
    • d.   Philosophy
    • e.   Literature

    This general education is intended to give a person the strength to be alive to the educational, political, and economic forces of the world and to be able to influence those forces for good, that the world might be a better place in which to live and to love purely.

    This general education is roughly the equivalent to two years of college work, though many do not have it even after two years of college.

    5.   Missionary Service. It is contemplated that every young person in the Church would be fully prepared to go on a mission at age 19 having received a full-fledged family, basic, vocational, and general education, then capping those with a thorough understanding and ability to use honorable proselyting techniques.

    Upon returning from missionary service, every young person would be ready to marry, and to enter full-time work or to enter professional school.

    6.   Professional Education. The patriarch and his wife should advise, encourage, and assist as is appropriate in the professional education of their children when and where such is desired by and feasible for the individual. Professional education is viewed as the last two years of college and whatever graduate training is appropriate, or entry into the job market to learn the many occupations which do not depend upon formal educational certification.

  • Korihor: The Arguments of Apostasy

    BY CHAUNCEY C. RIDDLE

    Korihor:
    Korihor appears out of nowhere, as it were, in the Nephite record. His entire story is contained in Alma 30, where he suddenly appears in the land of Zarahemla, preaching “unto the people against the prophecies which had been spoken by the prophets, concerning the coming of Christ.” (Alma 30:6.) What we know of his background is mostly from inference, but his arguments show that he was an educated man, in sophistry if not in the scriptures. But we know from his own final admission that Korihor once had a testimony: “I also knew that there was a God. But behold, the devil hath deceived me. … And I have taught his words; and I taught them because they were pleasing unto the carnal mind, … insomuch that I verily believed that they were true.” (Alma 30:52–53.) Thus Korihor’s life teaches us that having the truths of the gospel and being a covenant servant of Christ are in nowise guarantees of salvation. We are also reminded that the most powerful opposition to the work of the Savior on this earth comes from those who know the truth and then deliberately turn from it and seek to destroy others.

    Korihor took what might be called a philosophical approach to destroying faith in our Savior, an approach remarkably similar to that taken by many persons today in semiphilosophical attempts to “relieve” believers of what they are pleased to call their “naivete.” His arguments could not hurt those whose belief was born of genuine spiritual experience, but they were powerfully effective among those weak in the faith whose belief had not yet gone beyond words. An analysis of those arguments helps us to see how we can be strong in the faith in Christ. Let us select three of his arguments as examples.

    We begin with Korihor’s argument for naturalistic empiricism (the belief that it is possible to know all truth through the senses—by experience and observation):

    “Behold, these things which ye call prophecies, which ye say are handed down by holy prophets, behold, they are foolish traditions of your fathers.

    “How do ye know of their surety? Behold, ye cannot know of things which ye do not see; therefore ye cannot know that there shall be a Christ.” (Alma 30:14–15.)

    Now it is plain that empiricism has value. It is good for us to observe our surroundings carefully and to appreciate our sensations. How else would we walk or drive an automobile? Without sensation, how could we know beauty or communicate with friends and loved ones or appreciate the marvelous handiwork of the creations of our God? Sense experience is indeed a valuable part of this life; the error comes in supposing that it is the only way of knowing what we know.

    What can our senses tell us about justice or mercy or the future? Nothing. Indeed, it works the other way. Only when we have acquired by some nonempirical means the concepts of justice and mercy, or an idea about some future event—only then can we recognize the significance of our sensory experiences relating to justice and mercy or the fulfillment of prophecy.

    None of the more important questions we ask can be solved or answered by depending solely on sensation. Is there a God? Is man immortal? Is it good to be honest? What should I do next in my life? The answers to each and all of these more important questions must come by faith. Every man answers these questions and makes the great decisions of his life on the basis of his belief in and acceptance of someone or something he cannot see. No man knows by his senses that each man has a spirit separate from his physical body, but some have a testimony of that fact gained by faith.

    The answer to Korihor is plain and simple: Our initial acceptance of Christ is not empirical, for we do not see him. But we have received into our lives a Holy Spirit that teaches us to understand the scriptures about Christ and to believe that he lives. We do not pretend that this is yet knowledge. It is faith. We believe in Christ without having seen him because we trust this Holy Spirit that has taught us so many good things. Korihor might by his argument be able to confuse someone who had never had revelation, but his contention is only a pathetic childishness to those who enjoy the companionship of the Holy Ghost.

    A second argument used by Korihor might be called his humanism. In concert with the other humanists of the world, he insists that achievement and success come by human means, such as physical strength, skill, and reason:

    “And many more such things did he say unto them, telling them that there could be no atonement made for the sins of men, but every man fared in this life according to the management of the creature; therefore every man prospered according to his genius, and that every man conquered according to his strength.” (Alma 30:17.)

    Korihor would have us believe, like some authors of modern “success” books, that the solutions to our problems lie in sharp thinking and realistic approaches to life. But such persons define success in terms of wealth, social status, political power, and the glutting of the senses; and, as the servants of Christ know, if selfish attainments are one’s goal, the world is so constructed that one can indeed ignore the Savior and attain. But Korihor and his fellow humanists think that they are masterfully doing it on their own, not realizing that those who succeed at the expense of faith and love are on a down escalator and are being carefully guided, encouraged, aided, and comforted by their unseen mentor Satan. Their glorying in their own strength and accomplishments is a tribute to the cleverness of Satan, that devil who greases the sluiceway of sin.

    Conversely, those who have accepted the gospel see that real success in this world is overcoming selfishness and turning one’s strength to righteousness, to blessing others. They know full well that this kind of success is an uphill, strained effort into the very teeth of the forces that make sin so easy. They know that it is not by any human means that one can overcome the world. After all we can do by human power, we are still nothing. It is only when the grace of God touches our lives that we can overcome evil and enact the precious mercies of righteousness. There can be no boasting, no pretension that anything human prospers us. The glory is all given unto God by those who are more than armchair servants of the Master.

    The humanist argument is very persuasive to many because it is flattering. We do not naturally like to believe that without Him we can do nothing. Thus part of Satan’s entourage includes those who know the gospel is true but who insist they really don’t need much help except for a pointer or two and a little assistance in being resurrected. The servant of Christ is not persuaded, however. Long pleading with the Lord has stripped him of all humanistic pride.

    A third argument used by Korihor is that of relativism: “… and whatsoever a man did was no crime.” (Alma 30:17.) A fuller statement of this attack by Korihor is as follows: Since (he claims) there is no god and men do not live after death, and since (he claims) all so-called “laws” and “commandments” are but social conveniences to give power to priests, the only important thing in life is to do what you want to do—if you can get away with it. How modern Korihor sounds! But the argument is timeless, as old as sin itself.

    There are, of course, many versions of relativism (one would hardly expect relativism to be absolute). One version encourages enjoyment of the Church social organization without getting uptight about theology or religious commandments.

    Another kind of relativism says that the commandments are great but open to broad private interpretation. A third acknowledges that there are commandments, but allows indulgence in sin since “nobody’s perfect.” A fourth version says that the commandments were okay when they were given, but they have become superfluous in our enlightened age. A fifth kind of relativism, that used by Korihor, says that the commandments were bad from the first; they are inhibitions on the soul of man that actually prevent him from ever achieving happiness. A sixth type, also used by Korihor, says that since one act is indifferent from another, it doesn’t matter what we do.

    The great power of all relativistic approaches is that they allow the individual to judge his own actions. This is why almost any of the approaches strikes a responsive, sympathetic chord in all other relativists. Korihor found many who were pleased with his relativism, even though they may have rejected much else of what he said. “And thus he did preach unto them, leading away the hearts of many, causing them to lift up their heads in their wickedness.” (Alma 30:18.)

    In stark contrast to the virtually infinite number of personal choices available in the broad way of relativism is the way of the Savior. That strait and narrow way is to do as he did: not to seek our own will, but to do the will of Him who sent us. It is to obey him in all things, obeying his word, which is his law, as it is freshly written in our hearts from revelation to revelation. It is to rely solely upon his merits, counting him as the only fountain of righteousness. It is being willing to die for his sake, crucifying the old person with worldly wants and desires in order to be born again “as a child, submissive, meek, humble, patient, full of love, willing to submit to all things which the Lord seeth fit to inflict upon him, even as a child doth submit to his father.” (Mosiah 3:19.)

    Thus the gospel teaches a way that is absolute—absolute in that the formula for righteousness is always the same for every person and for every time and circumstance: take the name of Christ, always remember him, keep all of the commandments that he gives unto us. There is no other way to righteousness, for whatsoever is not of faith in Christ is sin.

    Now it is little wonder that Korihor found much success in commending relativism to the members of the church in his time. For while the Church is true, the members of the Church here on earth have not yet overcome the world, although most are still trying. For many, the effort is hard, the price too great. Whether they leave the Church or not, they abandon the narrow way and settle for some variety of relativism.

    But there is one thing relativism can never do, even within the Church. One who subscribes to any of the versions of relativism just listed will never (unless he repents) be brought to those sacrifices that will prepare his soul to spend an eternity in blessing others. Relativism can never purify heart and mind, or transform body and countenance into the image of the Savior.

    Thanks be to our God that there is a way, strait and narrow though it be, to learn to love with a pure love! But the price is great. We must place all of our heart, might, mind, and strength at his disposal—always. We must count as dross and expendable everything of this world, including our own lives. This does not mean to deny life, but to live fully, enjoying the companionship of the Holy Ghost, working in a crescendo of works of love that will take us without faltering through the veil to results only understood in eternity.

    Korihor was not unique to Book of Mormon times. His counterparts have always been with the Church, and they will now but increase in flattery and fury until the end of the world. What will prevent us from succumbing to their sophistries? The following are offered as a time-tested prescription against apostasy.

    1. Hunger and thirst after righteousness. Blessed are they who do so, “for they shall be filled with the Holy Ghost.” (3 Ne. 12:6.) Righteousness is to bless others, to minister to their needs, both temporal and spiritual. The great enemy of righteousness is not only evil; plain old-fashioned evil fools few. A more subtle and therefore more dangerous enemy is self-righteousness, supposing that what pleases us will be good for others.

    Perhaps the great divider between the seekers of righteousness and the self-righteous is that those who hunger and thirst after true righteousness cannot rest until satisfaction and happiness come to those whom they strive to help. They hurt when others hurt. The self-righteous are often deed-conscious rather than people-conscious. They seem to glory in forms and traditions, formulas and standards. They cast alms to the poor without loving them or stopping to discern what the real problem might be.

    Those who seek true righteousness quickly learn one thing—their own impotence. They find they are not knowledgeable enough, nor wise enough, nor powerful enough to bless others as their hearts desire. Their hunger for righteousness has prepared them for the gospel, and when they hear its good news they leap at the opportunity to make the covenant to love the Savior and to receive his Spirit to be with them.

    2. Learn to live by the Holy Spirit. The Spirit teaches us the truth of the gospel. But it is another thing to learn to live by the Holy Spirit. The difference is like hearing a violin concert expertly performed and acknowledging its merit, then personally mastering the violin to be able to play as expertly ourselves.

    This mastery is a matter of constant, faithful application of our will power. There are no quantum leaps to righteousness, only the slow adding of line to line, precept to precept, grace upon grace. In this remaking of our lives, every improper thought, every bad habit, every evil desire must sooner or later be evaluated against the glory of our Savior. We, not he, must make each painful choice to prove all things, then to hold fast to that which is good.

    How many experiments and experiences are necessary? Only enough to enable us to give our selves, to yield our hearts unto the Savior; enough experiments to know the voice of the Savior beyond any shadow of doubt; enough experiences of obedience to learn to love with pure love and to continue therein.

    3. Support priesthood authority. Those who have learned to walk in the Spirit also rejoice in the opportunity to sustain their priesthood-appointed leaders with faith and prayers. They know by the repeated testimony of the Spirit that The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the kingdom of God on the earth and that those who serve over them in the callings of the priesthood are appointed and sustained by the Savior. As servants of the Savior, they, too, sustain.

    Because they sustain they become the united power and strength that the Church organization brings to the work of righteousness in the world. They sustain in love even as they hope to be sustained. They always sustain in faith and righteousness, receiving instruction from the Savior and obeying him in all things.

    4. Build the kingdom. Living in righteousness makes possible the establishment of Zion on earth again. What careful priesthood labor there must be to bring the gathered remnants to see eye to eye, having one mind and one heart, dwelling in righteousness with no poor among them! Then the kingdoms of this world will be constrained to admit that this is indeed the kingdom of God and his Christ, for the inhabitants will love one another, even as Christ loves them. Those who support have the joy of seeing the prophecies fulfilled before their very eyes.

    He or she who has a shoulder to the wheel, who honors and trusts the driver of the wagon, who knows he is doing the right thing in the right cause is not taken in by the glitter of apostasy. But what of those not so mature in the work of the Lord? Is there any guaranteed way to prevent apostasy of the newborn or the weak and infirm? The honest answer is no. The love and patience of those who are mature will shelter some of them for a time. But ultimately there is no outside shelter—the only, effective shelter is a personal faith, a personal testimony. In every generation Korihor takes his toll of those who will not get themselves founded on the Rock.

    [illustration] Korihor demanded a sign; so Alma said to him, “In the name of God, ye shall be struck dumb, that ye shall no more have utterance.” (Alma 30:49.) (Illustrated by Ted Henninger.)

    Chauncey C. Riddle, an assistant academic vice-president over graduate studies and curriculum at Brigham Young University, serves as a high councilor in the BYU Ninth Stake and as a Sunday School teacher in the Orem Sixteenth Ward, Orem Utah Sharon Stake.

  • Root and Branch: The Relationship Between Values and Ideas, 1977

    1 April 1977
    Chauncey C. Riddle

    The opportunity to speak or to write to others is a sacred trust. I hope that I may speak truly and to the edification of each of my hearers.

    One good place to begin in any scholarly discussion is with the things we say in our daily conversations. It is commonplace to distinguish at least two types of statements. One type concerns the “whatness” of the world. Utterances such as “today is Wednesday,” “apples are red,” “diamonds scratch steel,” and “E=MC2” are examples of this type. We speak of this type of utterance as having truth value, and we assign values to such statements under the aegis of our favorite theory of truth. Even if the truth value is unknown, we usually assume there is one.

    The second type of utterance we deal with here we call value statements. Examples of these are “tamales are delicious,” “honesty is the best policy,” and “leisure time is a great good.” Admittedly there are problematic cases that make a precise division between truth statements and value statements very difficult. But we can in the vast majority of cases make an adequate division between these two types. Since the metaphysics of the truth type of utterance is better known and more well-established than that of value statements, let us analyze the first further, then see if we can use the structure of the first type as a map for value situations.

    Truth-type statements or sentences are themselves but representations. As with all linguistic formulation, no symbol has any inherent meaning. When any person utters a sentence such as “it is dark,” there is in the mind of the speaker or writer a certain combination of ideas which he attempts to express using the words, “it,” “is,” and “dark.” That combination of ideas, the meaning of his sentence, is a function of the entire noetic frame, or the mindset of the speaker. We sometimes call the combination of ideas which the speaker has in his mind a proposition. Propositions are judgments about some aspect of the nature of the universe. When one wishes to have others share his ideas, he projects perturbations of the physical world such as body movements, written symbols, vocal and audible sounds. He hopes that these signs or symbols will stimulate in the minds of others the proposition he intends. Others, upon perceiving whatever the speaker has done, try to imagine what-on-earth might have been the intent that caused the communicator to make the expression he did. This second-guessing is for some strange reason called “communication.” It is always a game of charades in which we can never be quite sure that we really understand or are understood. It is not our business here to elaborate further on the problems of communication, great, pervasive and urgent though they be. We must rest content with the distinction between sentences and propositions, which is the distinction between symbols and meaning.

    When we analyze meanings, especially those conjoined into propositions, we find that each proposition is a judgment. Judgments are made possible by the happy conjunction of experience—that raw material arising out of the stream of consciousness—and the programmed nature of our minds. Without arguing the case for naturism or the Kantian synthetic a priori, I simply take it as well established that every human being, taken as he is, has a mind somewhat analogous to a computer. Roughly speaking, experience is the data fed into the computer-like mind. The mind is programmed to process the data of experience and does so, producing the judgments which we have called propositions. Though it is plain that experience can affect some of the mind’s programming, it is also plain that there is some mental programming which is and remains independent of experience. Hume and Kant cannot be laughed away even though they did perhaps make mistakes.

    Out of this hasty sketch we might now identify eight basic elements. First, the stream of consciousness, the basic stuff we experience as mental life. Second, a self, the “I” that emerges out of the stream of consciousness consisting of the body, mind, desires, etc. Thirdly, the external world, which we come to construct as a happy marriage of conception and sensation. Fourth, the data of sensation of which we become conscious when we begin to contrast the real universe from our solipsistic construct of it. Fifth, the programming of our minds, of which we become aware as we attempt to distinguish truth from error. Sixth, the propositions we form as self-conscious conclusions about the universe. Seventh, the statements we make to express our propositions. Eighth, the basic desires which we finally realize are irreducibly important to all of our judgments about prepositions.

    In order to be clearer as to what I intend in distinguishing these eight elements, I give the following items and examples.

    • Item: the stream of consciousness, Example: these are moment-to- moment flow of sensations, thoughts, reactions, judgments, etc., that constitute our living.
    • Item: the self, Example: to each person, his body, mind, desires.
    • Item: the external world, Example: Other people, the earth, the heavens, the events observed in daily life.
    • Item: the data of sensation, Example: noises, sights, tastes, touches, smells which we come to realize are our unique contact with the external world.
    • Item: the noetic frame, Example: the grammar, symbols, mathematics, logic, and concept of the universe which we discover ourselves to use in creating an external world out of data of sensation.
    • Item: propositions, Example: consciously formed hypotheses which we form in an attempt to characterize some aspect of what we hope to be the true nature of the external world, such as: the cost of energy will be double in the next five years.
    • Item: statements, Example: symbolic expression of propositions in gestures, words, writing, etc. All sentences are examples.
    • Item: desires, Example: personal propensities which we come to recognize as our prejudices. These color all judgment, making objectivity only a relative thing, never absolute.

    Some important things to note about this scheme are:

    1. It is a dynamic process of the self interacting with the external world through time.
    2. It is an adaptive process as the self reacts to the external world to adjust to reality, then attempts to affect that reality.
    3. The adaptive process involves a heightening of self-consciousness and tentativity. Judgments become less categorical and actions become less impulsive as one learns by experience.
    4. The more refined our understanding of these matters becomes, the more alone we become. To put it another way, the more we understand about the universe, the more free we become from the trammels of other peoples opinions and ideas.
    5. There is the possibility that the irreducible “self” is a collection of desires and that these desires pattern to form a personality. Perhaps we know ourselves only as we can observe our own desires shaping and guiding our actions and ideas as we become intellectually acute.
    6. If the self is a pattern of desire, that would explain why we have such a difficult time agreeing with each other about the nature of the universe. Desires seem to shape inquiry and to mold conclusions.
    7. Of one thing we are sure, no finite set of data about the universe uniquely determines what hypothesis is necessary to explain it. This is to say, no set of observations ever uniquely constrains its own interpretation. In fact, any finite set of data has an infinite number of hypotheses logically available as potential self-consistent devices for explanation.

    Perhaps it is our desires that save us from the absurd relativity of an infinite explainability. While they may do so, they apparently also create the illusion of objectivity, which leads to dogmatism, which leads to orthodoxy, which in turn often leads to inhumane treatment of other people. But that is another story also. Let us turn now to the consideration of value statements.

    Value statements such as “pie is good,” all have something very simple in common. Every genuine value statement is a reflection of a value judgment. The essence of each of these valuations is the judgment that the object in question will satisfy some desire of the self. Thus when I say “pie is good,” I am saying that I expect that the normal case will be that if I eat pie, it will satisfy my desire to sweetly titillate my palate as the pressure increases inside my stomach and I get that nice “full” feeling. The simple thing that all value judgments have in common is that they are judgments that the thing valued will satisfy or has satisfied some personal desire.

    Some value statements relate to the future and may be called “anticipatory” value judgments or statements. Others are a recognition of satisfactions already achieved and may be called “reflexive” value judgments or statements. Anticipatory value statements are always guesses, for they are at best inductions. Reflective value statements represent the knowledge of hindsight, the value of accomplished fact. These two are usually sufficiently distinguished by grammar. For example, the categorical statement, “honey on hot bread is delicious,” may indeed be based on reflection of past experience, but the intention of the utterance is for future use as a guide to action; this example is an anticipatory judgment. When a purely reflective judgment is made, the utterance is usually more restricted, e.g., “The sweetness of honey has in the past enhanced the eating of hot bread for me.” Reflective statements are less presumptive. They stick to the known facts (all known facts are of past time) and do not arrogate omniscience or unerring induction as do the utterance of categorical statements.

    I take it to be an important truth statement to note that we human beings are sufficiently limited in mental capacity that while we can judge many things to be good with a high degree of accuracy, we always need to allow the possibility of having made a mistake. We can say fairly surely “that x was good,” but not “that x is good” as an anticipatory statement, meaning “that x will satisfy my desire,” for surely each of us has eaten and has remained unsatisfied. More important even is our necessity to note that we human beings cannot ever rationally assert that “x is best,” that is the most satisfying of all things relative to a given desire.

    One might ask about the statement “John is good.” Is this also but anticipated satisfaction of desire? The answer is “yes,” unequivocally. To say that John is good is to presume to know enough about John to anticipate that he will act in such a way as to satisfy at least one desire I have.

    All of this brings us to a definition of value. Value is the property we ascribe to something when we think it will satisfy a desire we have. Categorical ascriptions of value are anticipatory. The value of something increases as desire for satisfaction increases and as we see the object being valued as the supposed means to that desired satisfaction. Value is thus instrumental. It is the worth we ascribe to something as a potential satisfier of desire.

    It is plain from what has been said that value statements are expressions of value judgments. Value judgments are the result of the careful intertwining of propositions or judgments about the truth of the external world, of the desires of the self, and of understandings of how things I the external world can satisfy the desires of the self. Error is of course possible at each point. We may misjudge our own desire. We may only guess that an object or event in the external world will be instrumental in satisfying us. We may possess or control something we value but may be unable to apply it to our desire, as the person who has always wanted to fly an airplane suddenly discovers that his pilot companion has just had a heart attack, and that he is now flying an airplane even though he does not know how to control it.

    It is important at this point to distinguish two things which have usually been confused in the history of value discussions. This is the difference between “good” and “right.” Good is the proper domain of value judgments. Goods, values, are subjective, related to the desires of some real, existent self. It is here assumed that different persons have different desires and that these different persons therefore value things differently.

    The term “right,” on the other hand, is not a value term as has so often been supposed. “Right” is a truth-type term. To use it correctly is to make a judgment about the world which is not dependent upon the desires of the self which is doing the judging. The term “right” concerns that which will bring about the happiness of other persons. Doing what is right is not necessarily doing that which those others think will satisfy their basic desires. To be concrete: if my neighbor is starving it is right for me to take nourishment to him.

    But suppose my neighbor is not starving but it seems good to him to steal my food. If I wish to be righteous, I have the opportunity to do that which will help to meet his need. One of the ideas which I believe is that wickedness, such as stealing, never was and never will be happiness. So if I tempt my neighbor to steal, I may increase the good of stealing in his eyes, but it will not make him happy in the long run. So I must not tempt him to steal. If I am prompted by the Holy Spirit to share with him before he is tempted to steal, perhaps he will see the happiness and satisfaction that comes from sharing and will avoid the empty satisfaction of stealing.

    The point of this discussion of right is that right is truth-related, not value-related. It is objective, not subjective. It is absolute, not relative. To find what is good I must know my own desire and what will satisfy it. To find what is right I must know what is my neighbor’s need and how to satisfy it.

    The same difficulty that attaches to my discovery of good also attaches to my discovery of right. If I have difficulty in discerning my own true desires and in knowing what will satisfy them, an even greater difficulty attaches to discerning what my neighbor needs and what will satisfy him. Even as I cannot maximize my own decision as to what is my best good, I indeed cannot maximize my decision as to how best to help my neighbor.

    But even if I cannot find my specific good or a particular right, I can understand the general nature of what they are. My mind is sufficient at least to compare my inadequacy with my ideal. And my mind is sufficient that I can place a high value on doing what is right. To make this clear, let us now return to the analysis of truth statements and relate the analysis of value statements to it.

    Very possibly it is the functioning of desire in the stream of consciousness that makes possible the concept of self. Desire gives rise to action, as when a baby cries out of hunger. Action leads to reaction, and an external world begins to take form in the mind of the child. Frustration of desire through inappropriate action leads to refinement of the concept of the external world, separating data from construct. This separation enables constructs of the mind to come to consciousness, and noetic systems are refined. Refined noetic systems coupled with carefully gathered data make possible responsible value judgments. Value judgments about the world lead to our actions; for example, if I desire nourishment and perceive oranges hanging on a tree, and if I know that the oranges are good inside even though they taste nasty on the outside, I will value what I see and perhaps pick and eat. But it is important that I be able to judge this act of mine to be right or wrong. If I have to steal the orange, my initial valuation of good may be overridden by my desire to do what is right. Perhaps I err in choosing good and right, but I am often very successful in recognizing that certain acts are wrong.

    What may we conclude from all of this, about ideas and values and their relationship? Perhaps the following: 1) Values are ideas. They are notions of instrumental worth, attributed to objects or events by individuals. Values are real to the extent some persons hold them. They are unreal for persons who do not hold them. 2) Some value attributions are correct, some are incorrect. Reflective value is always the judge of anticipatory valuing. 3) Values can be partly correct, as when the holding of values is temporarily socially satisfying but ephemerally so. An example would be walking a tightrope to show bravery, then living as a cripple ever after from falling. Time and perspective are all important in assessing the correctness of any assumption of anticipatory value. We can also be satisfied at a given moment, only to discover that a new vista of truth has uncovered in us a latent desire that surpasses or conflicts with the desire which has just been satisfied, as when someone discovers that the pleasure of accomplishment exceeds that of indolence. 4) Our understanding of the processes that operate in the universe is critical to our judgments of anticipatory value. Satisfaction is a function then of the truth we know about the universe. The more we know, the more correctly we can value things. Correct values make possible correct action to gain satisfactions. 5) We might conclude then that our beliefs about truth and our judgments about values are all relative to our desires and our desires are relative to the passage of time. In a real sense, we do not know what is true or good; we only feel what appears to us now.

    Now some general further conclusions to all of this:

    1. We can rightfully judge no man, including ourselves. We perforce will judge some men to be good, but we must in all humility forebear to judge the righteousness of any man.
    2. To be able to judge every man is necessary before we can be righteous beings. We are righteous only when we can righteously judge everyone around us and so act as to maximize the happiness of each and every one. Since attainment of that lofty goal is impossible for any unaided human being, no man can of himself be righteous.
    3. The only kind of being that could be righteous would be one that was omniscient and omnipotent, and whose only desire was to do what is right. A clear perception of truth coupled with unlimited power to do the good things the omniscient mind has shown would lead to the happiness of others, would make a righteous being. Only gods could be righteous beings.
    4. Happiness comes only in doing good for others. Happiness is a function of righteousness. Only a righteous being can truly be happy.
    5. Unaided human beings cannot become truly happy.

    Let us turn now to the analogy which stimulated the title of this paper. We might liken the human being to a tree. The roots of the tree are the desires of an individual. The roots of a tree provide the drive, the pressure for growth and accomplishment, as desires drive a person. I remember cutting down a young Box Elder tree one spring. Sap swelled up and flowed copiously from the sawed trunk drenching the ground around the base of the stump. So do desires well up within us.

    The trunk and scaffold of the tree we might liken to the noetic frame a person has, which is his understanding of the universe. A great and strong understanding can support a great weight of activity and accomplishment, just as a strong trunk and scaffold can support much fruit. I suppose we all have seen fruit trees broken down by the weight of their own growing product, just as we have seen people broken by the tasks for which they were not prepared in understanding and ability.

    The branches and twigs of the tree are like the values a person has. Ideas and understandings are translated into particular choices through valuations, even as the trunk and scaffold of the tree transmit the drive and nourishment of the roots to the twigs.

    The leaves of the tree we might liken unto our sensory capacity. Through our senses we observe the world and generate and gather strength for our understanding. By this means we receive words and other symbols from other people which also build our understanding, even as the leaves of the tree receive sunlight and carbon dioxide and manufacture the cellulose which accrues to the structure of the tree in its annual growth.

    The fruit of the tree would be our actions, our words and deeds. A good tree brings forth good fruit, an evil tree, evil fruit. The kind of fruit may be determined by genetics, but the quality and quantity of the fruit are determined by the individual tree. The spread of its roots, the strength and shape of the trunk and scaffold, the spacing and direction of the limbs and twigs, all of these factors determine how much and how well the tree will bear fruit, be it good or evil.

    As the strength of the roots of the tree are always transported through the trunk and branches, even so in human beings desires are always translated through beliefs (understandings) in the creation of values, and all action is a reflection of values. The power of our actions is a function of the strength, the power, of our desires. But desire not given a pattern and outlet by understanding is as sap that spills onto the ground. Desire comes to fruition only through ideas and values.

    There are three basic morals to this analogy. First, desires, however good and noble, if filtered through error in the process of creating values, will produce poor fruit and will not yield satisfaction of desire. Second, we can see that evil desires, when translated through truth or error into values, will produce evil fruit. Third, we see that only as good desires are translated through truth can correct values be formed and thus good fruit is born. Perhaps an example would clarify each of these three.

    First, an example of a good desire translated through false ideas to produce bad values and evil fruits. One basic human desire is to help other people who are ill. But not long since, the medical profession entertained the false understanding that bleeding a patient would improve his health. Bleeding was therefore a valued therapy. But the resulting fruit was unfortunate, as when the good doctors bled George Washington and doubtless contributed to his demise.

    Second, an example of evil desire and good understanding. We might take Adolph Hitler as a prime case. He seemed to be driven by the desire for power and dominion, which I take to be an evil drive. But he and his collaborators knew a good deal about the world. They were sufficiently understanding of psychology and power to dominate the politics of their country. They understood social organizations sufficiently to build and awesome social mechanism for both internal control and external aggression. They understood science and technology sufficiently to equip their armies, navies and air force formidably. They understood economics enough to avoid internal insolvency. They understood almost enough to conquer the whole world. The values those desires and understandings produced were predictable: loss of personal freedom, demand of total loyalty to the state, inhumane ability to cause suffering in others in behalf of their cause, etc. The fruits were war, destruction of the Jews, untold suffering.

    A third example, this one of good desires coupled with correct understanding, might come from the founding fathers of this nation. Their desire was to bless others. They understood that liberty was one of the greatest human needs, and that it could be attained only through a limited republican government of checks and balances. Thus they valued limited sovereignty for the government, with the remainder accruing to the people. The fruit they bore was the constitution of the United States of America.

    I take it that it is not necessary to give an example of bad desires coupled with bad ideas. Prototypes of this variation abound everywhere, and we can be grateful that they seldom come to fruition. I suppose further that we all agree that good desires coupled with truth yield good values and fruits. But the question might be asked, “Which is worse: good desires coupled with false understanding or evil desires coupled with correct understanding?” This question results of course in a value judgment, but I suggest that the most troublesome of the world’s problems come from good desires coupled with error rather that from evil desires coupled with truth. As a case in point I would like to contrast Hitler’s socialism with communist socialism.

    I again take Hitler’s socialism to be based on an evil desire, the domination of the world by the Aryan race, but applied with much skill and realism as to how to make things work in this world. Hitler possibly was finally contained and destroyed because so many persons of differing persuasions recognized the evil desire of his group. He forged his own opposition by the obvious malappropriateness of his intent. No outsider was surprised that his regime bore evil fruit of suffering and repression; these were expected as the natural consequence of a recognized evil desire.

    A contrasting case is that of the communist movement of the twentieth century. I include in this many flavors, such as both British socialism and Russian socialism. Here we have a political movement with obviously good intent: the focus is on freeing mankind from economic want. It is difficult to find anyone who seriously agrees to the contrary of that desire, who believes that economic deprivation and differentiation are good. A little reflection shows, however, that the good desire of the communist or socialist approach is filtered through an unreal romantic notion of the reality of this world. For example, the supposition that forced cooperation is superior to voluntary cooperation as an efficient and effective means of producing the goods by which to relieve want has been shown to be untrue again and again. The supposition that people prefer economic security to personal liberty has been found wanting, necessitating iron and bamboo curtains.

    Filtering the good intention of communism through such bad ideas about the world, has produced incorrect, unfortunate valuations which in turn have led to massive evil. Soviet communism has produced chambers of horrors equally as bad, if not much worse, than those of Nazi Germany. But the world looks on communism with some indulgence because the intent, the desire, seems defensible. I maintain that evil is evil, regardless of intent, and that only good intent coupled with truth about the nature of man and the universe can produce a good society. Only then will values be correct and appropriate to good desires. I further maintain that most human beings have good desires, and that the evils of our world are the flower and fruit of untruth more than of evil desire. The conclusion I reach then is that while we must not lose sight of the goodness of desire, our main concern to make a better world must be the beliefs we hold which give rise to our values.

    It is plain that what the world needs is a new mode of gaining truth. Tradition is obviously inadequate. Science, the successor to tradition as a source of truth has done well, but is also obviously insufficient, for it can only deal with questions which have an empirical testability. Before this age sinks completely back into the morass of astrology, soothsaying and priestcraft, perhaps it will listen to the profound conclusion of David Hume:

    “A person, seasoned with a just sense of the imperfections of natural reason, will fly to revealed truth with the greatest avidity: … To be a philosophical Skeptic is, in a man of letters, the first and most essential step towards being a sound, believing Christian; …” (Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion).

    I would like now to be specific about some of the values of our culture and the beliefs that create them. One obvious desire of American civilization is “the good life.” Perceived values of “the good life” are financial security, elimination of physical labor, elimination of pain, prolongation of life, high consumption of energy and goods, and social esteem. This partial list of values accounts for a vast bulk of the verbal and physical acts of persons in our society, such as the desire for publicity and degrees, fashion consciousness, demands for health care, the stifling of every discomfort with pills, proliferation of labor-saving devices or systematizing some form of slave labor, and the willingness to do almost anything that is financially profitable.

    The acts mentioned clearly arise from the values mentioned as those values clearly arise from the desire for “the good life.” But the desire for this good life is transmitted through a set of beliefs, a set of ideas about the nature of people and the universe. In the case mentioned, the functional beliefs of the typical American are that man is only a physical body, that one does not exist after death in at least anything like the present situation, and that one has obligations only to himself. Now I admit that some of these typical Americans say, when asked theological questions, that they believe otherwise. But it has long since been shown that in many typical American religions theology is not correlated with religion, i.e., theory has little effect on practice. The functional belief is that selfishness, the concern for the comforts of the self, is the appropriate means to the good life. Selfishness may be itself a basic desire for some persons. But I assume there are many persons who would not be so selfish if they had true beliefs.

    It is possible, for instance, to assume that the true nature of our situation is that the true person of each human being is his spirit, not his physical body, that we human beings will continue to exist forever with social and environmental concerns very much like the present, and that we are obliged to account to everyone whom our lives affect and to every physical thing around us which we use or abuse. I assume, of course, that all of us live on eternally, even after what we call death. None of these fundamental ideas I here mention as the true nature of our situation is susceptible of scientific proof or disproof. Nevertheless, every intelligent human being has some belief on each topic, which beliefs are the translating mechanism by which desires pass into values and become acts.

    Should a person believe this second set of ideas, and have a desire for the good life, he would substitute a desire for anonymity in place of the honors of men, so that all men may have their fair share of esteem. Fashion consciousness would be replaced with the desire to help all persons be neatly and comfortably clad. Demand for personal health care would be replaced with concern for proper hygiene for all persons in order that disease might be prevented. Pain would often be endured as part of needed learning experience rather than treated as an evil. Personal physical labor would be seen as a valued contribution to the well-being of society and nature, replacing the obverse high consumption demands upon society and nature. The drive for amassing money would be replaced with the hunger to give service with as little thought for reward as possible.

    What is the real difference between these two frames of mind? The one I have labeled as typical American assumes that the strong might as well take all they can, for life is soon over and ended, and if I am rude to someone, they probably cannot get back at me. The contrasting frame of mind assumes that we are on an eternal trip together; the weak will eventually become strong and all will be equal. We therefore would need to learn to cooperate and to treat everyone else as we would like to be treated, that rudeness will come home to haunt every selfish person as he is eternally confronted by and must account to his ancestors, his neighbors, and his posterity.

    I suppose that everyone here is convinced that values and valuations are important to our lives or you would not be here. It has been my attempt as the main thrust of this paper to demonstrate that considerations of truth must go hand-in-hand with considerations of value and that our ideas of what is true inevitably guide and shape our values. I conclude that we must be very concerned that our ideas about the universe be true in order that our valuations will be correct.

    A second emphasis of this paper has been to show that unaided human ability, individual or collective, is not sufficient to know those truths about the unseen world which are essential to correct values, nor is it sufficient to be able to make correct anticipatory valuations. This thrust has not been here fully demonstrated. I assert it, but also have full confidence that complete demonstration of this point can be made by any of you, for I have seen this demonstration made many times. I conclude from this that men must look to their spiritual resources to discover those truths and values which will enable them to attain happiness.

    I further suggest that the key to using spiritual resources is to honor our own best ideas and feelings and through them to find the prophet of God. When we get a consonance between what we feel and what the prophet of God says, we will then find those truths and values which will enable every one of us to find happiness.

    Finally, I witness to you that there is a true and living God who does reveal truth and correct values to men. The name of that God is Jesus Christ. The name of his true living prophet is Spencer Woolley Kimball. Thank you.

  • As a Man Thinketh, 1977

    Eyring Speaker Chauncey Riddle
    March 23, 1977

    Thank you, Pres. Clark. Let me assure you that having them is nothing to raising them. I always find it remarkable that people find it remarkable that we have thirteen children. That’s too bad. I wish that everyone could be so blessed, because that is a great blessing. I’m grateful to be with you tonight. I appreciate that beautiful music and the spoken words very much. I thought that was a wonderful prelude to what I wish to talk about.

    My topic is, “As a Man Thinketh.” The thoughts we think are very important to our lives. Truth is a precious quantity. The truth is a stranger to the world in which we live. It’s an outcast, a fugitive. Indeed, there are some who prize it. But honestly, we must admit that people prize that truth they wish to prize and ask the other to get lost. But I take it we cannot be Latter-day Saints unless we can face all truth. Whatever is true we must be willing to accept that. I recognize that probably we can’t stand all truth at once, but we must be able to accept it as it comes to us and to grow with it, because wherever we cannot accept it, wherever we want it to be otherwise we turn the Lord off because He is the Spirit of Truth. There is a very good reason why Truth is so hard to come by in this world. There’s no mystery about it. It goes back to that story which is so fundamental for everything about our lives. That story we need to know backwards and forwards, inside and out, like we know nothing else, and that’s the story of Adam and Eve.

    We know something about Adam and Eve—that they were begotten children to our Father in Heaven in the pre-mortal existence. They were blessed by our Father as were we; and there it became important, as He tried to share His blessings with us, that we grow and develop beyond that stage of existence. So a plan was devised to send us down to an earth where we could have a body of flesh and bones, even as He does. Only then could we rise to the fulness of His stature and being, and the purpose of our Father is to help us to become full heirs of all that He has and is.

    And so the plan was prepared that Adam and Eve would come down—they did—into the Garden. But in the Garden they were very different beings from what we are. In the Garden they had Celestial bodies—they did not have blood in their veins, for instance; they had spirit matter in their veins. They would live forever. They were quite different.

    Although they were very much like our Heavenly Father, they were quite different from us, even though we are in the same form. Let me ask you this question: How many eyes did Adam have when he was in the Garden? Do you know the answer to that question? The answer is not two. Let me ask you another question: How many bodies did he have? I think if you get the answer to that question, you might get the answer to the first one.

    Well, he had two bodies in the Garden, did he not? He had a spirit body, and that was the body he received as he was born to our Heavenly Father and our Heavenly Mother in the pre-mortal existence. That body was in the exact shape and form of his physical tabernacle, but Adam also had a physical tabernacle—a body of the materials of this earth.

    So how many eyes did he have? Four. He had two eyes with which to see the spiritual existence of things around him, things of that order, and because he could see both the spirit world and the physical world, he had quite a bit of information at his disposal. Now we know, because we are told, not because we can see, but we know there is a spirit world all around this earth. There will come a day when the veil will be parted for all of us and all of us will see the spirit world. It is the place where people go when they die; it’s right around us, and if our eyes were opened, we could see these realms which are now unknown, unperceived, to us.

    Some people perceive them, and they tell us about it, and that’s how we know. But Adam could see all that, and we’re also given to understand that it’s the spirit world that is the governing mechanism, essentially, for the physical world; and if we have questions and wonderings about why things happen the way they do, most of our questions would be answered if we could see the spirit world and see the causal connections, but of course we can’t so we don’t understand many things; we do not see many causal connections.

    But Adam could see these things. Now he, however, was as a little child. He could probably see much that he did not really understand and probably understood very little of the importance of what he did see. But then came the fateful day when he was tempted and he and Eve partook of the fruit, the forbidden fruit, and fell. They had been promised that if they did so they would die, and they did immediately—that very day, and the death they suffered was the spiritual death.

    That doesn’t mean their spirits died; they still had their spirit bodies, but it was as if their spirits had gone to sleep.

    Supposing we went up here on the floor in back of the bench there and found somebody lying there sound asleep. Supposing you know them: you shake them and call them by name, and no response. You shake them a little harder and maybe pour some cold water on them, and no response. How do you describe that sleep? We have a phrase for that kind of sleep. We say they are dead to the world. Does that mean they’re dead? No, it just means they don’t respond; and similarly, when a person’s spirit is dead, as in the spiritual death that came upon Adam in the Fall. The spirit was still alive, but it no longer responded to the spiritual world around him. And so Adam could not see the spirit things anymore; he could not discern.

    The most important thing he could no longer see was our Father in Heaven and our Savior. He had walked and talked with them before, but on that day a curse, which was actually a blessing as all curses are, was put on him in order that he might progress and grow, that he might have the chance, truly, to become like our Father in Heaven.

    And so a veil came over his spiritual eyes and over his spiritual ears, and his sense of touch and smell and taste. This veil is a very important factor in the lives of all of us because all of us are heirs to Adam’s Fall, and when we are born, we are born spiritually dead, even as he was when he was cast out of the garden.

    Because someone is spiritually dead does not mean they are bad; they’re not sinful, therefore. It just means that they cannot perceive with their spiritual senses, and this is the way we are born into this world, that we might be ignorant of those spiritual things by our own perceptions, that we might learn to live by faith.

    To see is not to have faith. We have faith because we are told about these things that we do not see, and we substitute ideas that we are told, and if we can believe in the source, and the source happens to be a good source, a true source, then that is true faith.

    But Adam and Eve then had this veil over their eyes and ears and could no longer perceive.

    Do you know what the veil is? That’s a very useful piece of information. You might want to part it sometime. What is the veil? You have to know the answer to this; it’s pretty hard to guess. Anybody know? I’m going to tell you then. I take this from Brigham Young. He said that the veil is our physical body and when Adam fell, his physical body became corrupt, and because it was corrupt, his spirit could no longer perceive through it. And the obvious corollary to that is that should we ever desire to perceive spiritually, we had better get our body cleansed and perfected and purified.

    And that is, of course, why we have many of the commandments we have in the Gospel of Jesus Christ. We are here with a tabernacle that is not ours. It is a gift or loan to us from our Savior who created it. We can claim it as our only if we use it correctly.

    Apparently only some will get exactly the same body back in the resurrection. They are those who do prove faithful, who do prove that they can use this body as an instrument for doing good rather than as a means for self-gratification. There is nothing wrong with pleasure in a sense if we take it when we are supposed to and where we are supposed to. The thing that’s bad is when we make pleasure in this world an end in itself.

    If the body runs us, we fail the test of this life. The test of this life is to see if we’ll hearken to the voice of God and through faith in Christ, faith in that voice, do the things we should do. If we restrain ourselves to work for the welfare and benefit of our brothers, to serve our Heavenly Father and be His witnesses and do what we should do; then indeed the time will come, we are told, when this body will be cleansed and purified and renewed. We will be different people. We can then have that same privilege that Adam had in the garden before he fell. He regained it again after he fell, and we may regain it also if we choose and are willing to make the sacrifices necessary.

    When someone comes back to spiritual life and again can see with their spiritual eyes, they have a very special name that we call them. What is the name? What can they do? They can see, so what do you call them? You call them a see-er, or in other words, a seer. That’s the meaning of our word seer. A seer or a see-er is one whose spiritual eyes have been opened through his obedience to the Lord and who then can tell us of the things of that order of existence. That’s a little apart from our story, however. When Adam and Eve had fallen, they were out in the world, spiritually blind; and they could see only the physical world. Adam had been told to offer sacrifices, and so he did, and an angel came and asked him why, and he said, “I don’t know, I’m just doing what I’ve been told to do,” which was a great answer, one that we could all emulate. But then it was explained to him that he was doing that in commemoration, in anticipation of the sacrifice of our Savior, Jesus Christ, and that if he would do everything he did as an act of faith in Jesus Christ, remembering who Christ was as the Savior of the world, putting his trust and his faith in the Savior, learning to live by faith and not by sight, that he would then be able to be redeemed and return to spiritual life, which he did.

    And he taught this same principle to his children. He explained to them the Gospel of Jesus Christ and how they could also be redeemed also from that Fall.

    The scripture tells us that most of them rejected what he said. Satan came among them saying, “Believe it not,” then they believed it not, and from that time forth men became carnal, sensual and devilish.

    Sounds pretty bad, doesn’t it? It really isn’t that bad, but I think it’s important to understand what it does mean. When people are spiritually dead, they perforce must be carnal, sensual, and devilish, because for them there’s no other way to be.

    What does carnal mean? Meat, flesh. A person who is carnal is simply a person who lives after the flesh. His spirit is dead, in a sense. It does not perceive, and therefore he has to live by the sight and the hearing of the flesh. He is carnal; he cannot help it. We mean to say that he is sensual simply because the only pleasures he knows are the pleasures of the body.

    A person who is spiritually dead cannot know the pleasures of the spirit. The pleasures of the spirit are far better, far more desirable, but a person who has never tasted them is oblivious to them and must live for the pleasures of the body. But worst of all, the person who is spiritually dead is devilish, and this because when Adam fell, Satan not only gained power to cause his death, his physical death eventually, but gained power to tempt him. He was given so much power that he has power to lead mankind captive at his will. Satan has the power to lead every soul over eight years of age, captive at his will unless they do one thing. What’s that one thing? Unless they hearken to Jesus Christ.

    So we have a world full of people who are carnal, sensual and devilish, most of them because they cannot help it. Because they have never heard the Gospel of Jesus Christ, they’ve never had the chance to become free and alive. That’s why it’s so great to do missionary work. We go out to the people of this world and give people that opportunity. A lot of them don’t want it, but then that may be as much our fault as theirs. We need to set a good example, too, so they’ll see something that is really worth wanting. But we’re working on that too, I hope.

    But at any rate, there Adam was, subject to Satan; and all of his children were subject to Satan. Now it so happens that Satan is the father of lies. That’s his chief title, and lies are his chief weapon. By this means he captivates the souls of men and keeps them from knowing what they ought to do.

    Am I correct in assuming that Phoenix is somewhere up that way? Supposing that as a little child you had been told by someone you loved very dearly that Phoenix was that way. And they told you, “Be very careful now. People will tell you it’s that way, but don’t you believe it. It’s really down that way, and if you ever want to get to Phoenix, you go that way.” Now, if that young child were told that often enough, and really believed it, he or she would invent all kinds of explanations for why you said it was that way, why the map said it was that way, just like people make explanations why the Bible says certain things even though it doesn’t say that, and so forth. When people are taught something by somebody they love, they tend to respect it. And when people are taught false things about the nature of God and the nature of salvation, they tend to believe it. And just as you couldn’t get to Phoenix very well by going that wrong way, so many people cannot find spiritual life because they have false ideas; and Satan just loves to put these false ideas on them.

    Now the Lord is in the world, too. The Savior’s mission is to spread light and truth so that people will know how to do the thing that is necessary. He tells people everything they need to know, not all at once, but line upon line, precept upon precept. He is willing to give this basic instruction to everyone. That’s the good news of the Gospel.

    Beyond the good news of the Gospel, He tells us, there are things often called mysteries. The mysteries of God are those special things we need to know and can know once we have accepted the basis of the Gospel, and are able to perceive all the way back to spiritual life.

    Zeezrom was asking Alma about these things in the Book of Mormon, and Alma began to expound these things to him saying this in Alma 12:9–10, “It is given unto many to know the mysteries of God.” The word mystery is very interesting. The world thinks it means things that are not known, such as when you go to a murder mystery or something and it’s unknown as to who did it. That isn’t what the word means in the scriptures. The word in the scriptures comes from the Greek, well it all comes from the same root, the scriptural meaning is this, it comes from the Greek word, muo, which means to shut the mouth. Mysteries are those things we are supposed to keep our mouth shut about, and if you know some mysteries you probably already have been told not to talk about them.

    And so it is that those special things beyond the basics of the Gospel are so precious that they are not to be known by those who will not accept the fundamentals. And so Alma says to Zeezrom, “It is given unto many to know the mysteries of God, nevertheless, they are laid under a strict command that they shall not impart only according to the portion of his word which he doth grant unto the children of men, according to the heed and diligence which they give unto him. And therefore, he that will harden his heart, the same receiveth the lesser portion of the word; and he that will not harden his heart, to him is given the greater portion of the word, until it is given unto him to know the mysteries of God until he know them in full.”

    That is our heritage. There is no mystery we cannot discover the answer to. We can know all things, if we will seek them through faith in Christ. And to them that harden their hearts, to them is given the lesser portion of the word until they know nothing concerning his mysteries.

    When people reject the word of God, Satan comes in and fills their minds with answers to replace the truths of the Gospel, and these false ideas are like the idea that Phoenix is that way, and then people cannot find either Phoenix or happiness or salvation. If Satan feeds them lies and they believe it, they condemn themselves to lives of misery and damnation.

    That’s the nature of the world we live in. They that will harden their hearts, to them is given the lesser portion until they know nothing concerning his mysteries, then they are taken captive by the devil and led by his will down to destruction.

    Now this is what is meant by the chains of hell. The chains of hell are the lies that Satan perpetrates in the world and gets people to believe, and these lies are the creeds of the fathers, the scripture says, which are riveted on the hearts of the children and become the source of Satan’s power in this earth.

    However, here we are. We live in the world. The world is full of people who are fallen, who are spiritually dead, and who have succumbed to the temptations of Satan and to his false ideas. And thus it is that he who would be the god of this world, which is Satan, governs and controls through lies; and it’s not surprising that so much that goes on is evil and perverse and mistaken.

    Don’t you get exasperated reading the newspapers, seeing all the crazy things people do? Why do they do it? It’s because they’re in hell. Hell is the kingdom of Satan. It’s where he rules, and part of his kingdom is right here on this earth among those who are in the flesh, and it’s purposeful, it is designed that we come into hell, into his kingdom, that we might have opposition. He does a good job of that, doesn’t he? He provides a very stout opposition. But that’s necessary. You cannot gain great heights, we cannot gain great goodness without great opposition to that goodness, and the reason this world is so terribly evil is so that you and I can have the opportunity to work against the evil, and struggle and struggle until we gain the strength that we can stand to be exalted.

    And were it not for the opposition Satan provides we could never get ourselves to that point where we could stand to be exalted, so he does us a great service even though he’s our enemy. Of course he doesn’t do it because he’s serving us, he’s doing it because he gets a kingdom out of this. He gets some people to be permanent converts to his domain, and they will be with him forever, so that is what he’s after, but in the process he tempts all of us and gives all of us the opportunity to become his servants. So in the process of spreading lies, he does a magnificent job of keeping people from the truth, the truth of many, many things.

    I’d like to explore with you some categories of evil, some categories of lies he perpetuates upon us. The first category I would call the category of romantic notions. The thing that distinguishes the romantic notions of the world is that it is an untrue picture of the way the world really is. Often it’s a belief in magic or luck or something of that sort to solve one’s problems. People think that one of these days, luck is going to come along and change their fortunes and make them a different person, you see, so that they will be happy ever after. That’s a very romantic notion; the world is not like that.

    The perfect example of the romantic dream is the story of Cinderella. Now most people are born and bred on Cinderella. It’s no wonder they grow up and do such strange things. Cinderella is the poor benighted stepdaughter, and that’s not bad and it’s sometimes good to have that kind of opposition. But how does she escape from it? She escapes by the fairy godmother coming. You see, there’s the supernatural intrusion of something into the world. It isn’t her responsibility that changes her life, it’s some stroke of good fortune that changes her life. The fairy godmother fits her out in a beautiful gown and sends her out in a coach. That, of course, is the epitome of good luck to most people to thus have their material situation changed. And she goes to the ball, and there the second version of the romantic notion takes over, and the prince takes one look at her and falls madly in love. That’s the romantic notion of love. The romantic notion of love is basically that if he’s rich and she’s beautiful and they happen to fall for each other they will live happily ever after, and it’s hard to imagine a more perverse doctrine because that isn’t the way happiness happens in this world.

    Love is not something that might be true. Someone might see someone for the first time and be told spiritually that’s whom they are to marry, but love does not come that way. Love is a thing that grows out of friendship and admiration and esteem, and unless the proper foundations are made for love, love can gain no permanent root, and it withers and dies when problems come. Many people who are rich are poor marriage risks. Many women who are beautiful think that is all they need as a ticket to success and develop nothing else in their lives, and they’re very poor marriage risks.

    We simply need to face the fact that if we’re going to be happy in marriage, we hadn’t better follow the Cinderella story. I suppose that’s one reason why a third of our marriages in our country break up in divorce, because people have assumed that one of these days a great overpowering irrational urge will come upon them, and they’ll think that’s love and they’ll marry that person. But I don’t think that’s in accordance to what we understand in the Gospel. But that is how many people marry, nevertheless.

    Well, there are many versions of the romantic story. Peter Pan is another good example, a belief in fairies, if you really believe in them, they will live and they will help you, and so forth. We need to be a little more realistic than that and to work according to those principles that bring success in life. Another version of the romantic doctrine is the poem, Invictus. “Out of the night that covers me, black as the pit from pole to pole, I thank whatever gods may be for my unconquerable soul.” That’s a bit of arrogance, that’s romantic. Nobody’s unconquerable. If we don’t have enough humility to know that we can be overcome by many things in this world we aren’t going to be very successful, and if we suppose that we are the masters of our fates and the captains of our souls, we’re missing the point of this world.

    Orson F. Whitney wrote a reply to the poem Invictus. I hope you have read that poem. He points out that the master of our fate and the captain of our soul is one, Jesus Christ. We would do well to hearken to him.

    This idea of Invictus is behind most of the success books. Have you read one of the success books, Think and Grow Rich, or something like that? They have a common principle. The common principle is simply the power of positive thinking, that if you set your goal and fasten your mind upon it and let nothing stop you in attaining it, you will attain your goal. It does work for some few people, but for the majority, it doesn’t work. But everybody likes to believe in the romantic dream like that, so many people buy the success books, and that’s of course the success, selling success books.

    But you see, many people go into business with this Prometheus or Invictus type attitude that they’re just going to go out and conquer the world. There are some very hard, real facts about the world that it would be better to substitute for this idea that you can do anything you think you can do.

    For instance, it pays to know that most businesses fail for two reasons: Number one, that they are undercapitalized and number two, they don’t keep sufficient books, they don’t have enough records. If you know those two things in advance, if you know your business; that is to say if you know your service that you are performing and you can solve those other two problems, you’re likely to succeed in business. That’s certainly a better basis than supposing that just by the power of positive thinking you can go and do it.

    Another kind of romantic idea that many people don’t like to think of as romantic because it’s near and dear to them is the Social Security Program. Our government has engaged in a very interesting attempt to help people in their old age, but it’s romantic. It is a very ill-founded, unrealistic program that is obviously doomed to ultimate failure. If any insurance company went that wild in setting up an insurance program, it would be broke almost immediately. Why isn’t the Social Security Program broke? Because they can just keep raising our taxes. If the insurance company could raise your premium every time it wanted to, would you buy their insurance? No, you’d be smarter than that. But, you see, you’re hooked because the government can force you to whether you want to or not.

    When the Social Security Program started out, the anticipation was that we would have an ever-expanding population so that the people down at the end of the line would be more than the people getting benefits would be paying into the system, and would be paying for the few people who would be getting benefits. Now, it’s over two in five. Soon it will be three in five. How much are your social security taxes? Now they’re something like eleven and a half percent. Don’t suppose that the 5.85 that your employer contributes comes out of his salary; it comes out of your salary; you pay for it. And it’s going to go to 15 percent, it’s going to go to 20 percent; it’s going to go to 30 percent. This is inevitable. The present obligations without taking anybody else into the work force of the Social Security Program are over a trillion dollars, which is getting pretty close to the total assets of the United States. The handwriting is on the wall. Either we’re going to be taxed to death through this system, or it will be repudiated. Those are the only two alternatives, so it’s a romantic system. And even though we might like it, it is very important to face the fact that it’s ill-founded; it does not meet the realities of the world in which we live as so many other things in our political situation do not.

    I suppose that you are aware that you have to talk a romantic line to get elected at the national level. Think back over the last few presidential elections and see if it isn’t the case that the person got elected who is just a little more romantic than the other, unless he was too romantic. Now when people get too romantic people know they’re wild, but if they’re just a little more romantic than the other candidate they will usually win, and so the politicians talk a romantic line. When they are running for election, they say things like, “We’re going to balance the budget and have a fifty billion dollar surplus in the next eighteen months.” That’s absurd, you see; and when the person who says that gets in, does he do it? No, it’s impossible, that was just the way to get elected, so another thing is approached then and so we see people saying things before they get elected because the bulk of the people of our country, the bulk of the voters are romantic, they want to believe in pie in the sky and Never-never land. Don’t they?

    A desire for the romantic is why people keep looking at all these programs on television, like the Bionic Woman and so forth. These are all romantic tales, they are unrealistic. Most of the police shows are very unrealistic. But people just love to see those unrealistic things, they just love to believe that’s the way things are. That’s the kind of world they could live in, and if they can’t live in a real world like that, they will go sit in front of a TV and live in an imaginary world like that. That is how strong the romantic mindset has a grip on our people.

    Most of the novels we read, most of the books are based on a romantic image of the universe, but it just won’t fly. To come down to a very personal level, most people have a very romantic notion about eating, for instance. They believe if they just eat what pleases their taste, they will have sufficient nutrition. Now I ask you, don’t most people eat that way? There are very few people who rationally calculate what they should eat. No farmer would dare feed his cows what he felt like feeding them, because he knows he would go out of business soon. He feeds them what he knows they need to have to get good gain or good milk production. But he feeds his children by what he feels like feeding them, and they don’t grow up nearly so healthy. We have one of the most overly-fed, undernourished populations on the face of the earth. That’s one of the reasons we have to have more doctors than most other populations. It’s interesting that we would continue to perpetuate such a strange, romantic notion, but we do.

    Well, one more on this vein. One of the classic romantic notions is the idea that educated people will not sin, or that educating a person will help a person so that he will no longer be sinful. There is just no foundation for that, but it is strange how deeply embedded this is in our society. If you came from a little town of five thousand people and supposing the local dentist and local plumber were accused of some heinous crime, most people would assume which one did it. The plumber, of course. Because he didn’t have the education the dentist did. Now that is crazy. There is no evidence to support that notion whatsoever, but our whole civilization is built on it.

    What is the thing you are supposed to do for people who live in the ghetto when they are headed for a life of crime? Educate them. Because then they will be decent, respectful citizens. Now it is true that it’s good to educate them, but for other reasons. Educating people does not help them be more moral. In fact, there is some evidence that goes the other way. During the Watergate scandal many people were shocked, “You mean those people deliberately lied? They’re lawyers,” as if people with that much higher education and professional opportunity would not lie. That does not stop them one bit.

    Have you heard the saying that education doesn’t make devils into angels, it just makes clever devils. And there is a very real truth to that.

    Now you see, it is dangerous to talk about all these things. My wife tells me if I make this list long enough, I’m sure to offend everybody. But we live in a romantic society. I admit I have been romantic much of my life and that is one of the reasons I can understand romanticism, I suppose all of us are romantic at times. But it doesn’t pay to be romantic, for it doesn’t pave the way to success or happiness.

    There is another kind of error which we will call cynicism. It is the opposite of the romantic notion. The cynic is the person who does see the world as it really is, in a sense, he sees it much more clearly than the romantic. But he also sees the way to get ahead in this world, for yourself, is to take advantage of the romantics. And so he takes all these people, there’s a Barnam statement, there’s a fool born every minute and two to take him, or I think it’s the other way around. There are two fools born every minute and a cynic to take him because the majority are apparently romantic. But the cynic is the person who acts without scruples to take advantage of the people who have some kind of romantic notion.

    For instance, it’s a romantic notion to think that some physical object, such as a piece of the cross, will somehow save us, or help us. It is estimated in this world that there are three to four shiploads of fragments of the cross on which Christ was crucified. Because the cynics have gone into business selling fragments of the cross to romantics. This is what the cynics do.

    As you heard, I grew up in Las Vegas, which is the happy meeting ground for cynics and romantics. The romantics are the people who fled into town every weekend thinking they are going to make a killing. Occasionally someone does and they herald that to high heaven. They never make headlines when somebody loses every cent they’ve got, but they are certain to publicize the ones that go away with more than they came with. The cynics set up the tables knowing there is no way those people can win in the long run. In fact, the people who go there usually know that to start with, they think they are going to beat the odds, that luck, you see, will save them. Good fortune is going to intervene in the system, and they will come out ahead. I know men who get themselves in hock to the club and every payday they go down and spend their whole check hoping they will strike it rich so they can pay all of their debts and take care of their family. Year after year they go on totally in debt to the club, which then gives them back a little money so they can feed their family and pay their rent for the next month so they get another paycheck and come and try to break the bank again. That is absurd, that is insanity. Yet many people are caught up in that romantic notion.

    The cynic is the person who marries for money or position, not for love, and usually they get the money and position they want, and they profit from it. They don’t have any happiness, but that doesn’t bother them because they don’t think there is any happiness. Anyway, to the cynic there is really only one thing that counts, money. He thinks you can buy anything with money and anything you can’t buy with money is not worth having. And so he operates that way.

    Sometimes, I suppose all of us tend to be a little cynical. When you have ideals and someone lets you down, it’s hard not to be a little cynical and suppose maybe there’s no point in having ideals. But if our ideals have been romantic, that is to say unreal, not realized in the real world, we probably deserve to be let down. But the cure is not cynicism. The tendency that we have is when Satan finds us way over here and suddenly awake to find the world isn’t romantic, we swing all the way to the other side and become cynical and want to burn the whole thing down. That’s just as bad, just as great an error.

    The place where we belong, of course, is in between, on the straight and narrow, to believe the things the Lord tells us. But suppose we try to get on the straight and narrow. We have to be careful in the Church too, because sometimes false ideas are taught in the Church.

    Let me rehearse two or three for you and hope I don’t offend anybody unduly. But there are some of these ideas that I think are very important. I’ve heard many little children told as they came out of the waters of baptism that now their sins were washed away. I think that is just a plain falsehood. I don’t think water washes away any sins, ever, and I think there is ample scripture justification for that, then somebody will say, “But doesn’t it say that baptism is for the remission of sins?” Well, certainly that is a necessary condition, but it isn’t sufficient. We have to be baptized before we can be forgiven of our sins, but it takes more than that.

    The scriptures tell us that the time we are actually forgiven of our sins is when we receive the baptism of fire and the Holy Ghost. The water is merely the preparation, the making of a covenant and we must actually go beyond that and obey the commandment we receive, that we are given, “to receive the Holy Ghost.” If we obey that commandment, then our sins will be forgiven. But what a terrible thing to cause people to suppose that merely by being dipped in water their sins can be washed away. Do you see that is just not consistent?

    Another idea is that it is impossible to become perfect. Now, I admit it is impossible to become perfect in every sense that God is perfect, but it is possible to become perfect in one sense, and I think that is what the scripture intends, and that sense is that we should stop sinning. We can stop sinning by devoting ourselves completely, and that is what the word perfect means. A synonym for the word perfect is complete, if we become completely servants of Jesus Christ, if we serve him with all of our heart, might, mind and strength. If we have the spirit with us as a constant companion and following the Savior’s example, if we do nothing but that which he tells us to do, even as he did nothing but that which His Father told Him to do, then we are perfect.

    Now you see, if someone says to me, it’s impossible to be perfect, to me they are saying it is impossible to repent or, in other words, it is impossible for Jesus Christ to save anyone because He has said plainly that He will not save anybody who does not stop their sinning. He will not save people in their sins. He will save them from their sins once they have stopped sinning. So if it is impossible to become perfect, the Gospel has no meaning. I think it is possible to become perfect. I think the scriptures also testify that very few do it in this world. Straight is the way and narrow is the gate that leadeth unto life and to become perfect is the key to eternal life. That is to say, to give ourselves wholly and completely unto the Lord, to be His humble, faithful servant in all things. That is the test. Those that are able and willing to do that will find life. I believe that with all my heart.

    Another thing that I think is sometimes taught falsely is the concept of eternal progression. Sometimes it is taught as if we would go on repenting and learning and getting better and better forever. But I don’t think the scriptures bear out that interpretation. The scriptures tell us that there is such a thing as progress, they tell us there is such a thing as eternal increase, but nowhere are the words eternal progression to be found in the scriptures.

    The true concept of progress is that whatever we are when we die, if we have indeed given all that we have to the Savior, He will allow us then to grow and develop to become as He is. But once we become as He is, there is no progress then because He does not progress. He knows all, He is perfect, He has no need of repentance. But His kingdom grows, and that is eternal increase. He grows in glory because His glory is His righteous posterity and that increases. That is a fully scriptural concept. But I think that the other notion has been planted in the Church by the adversary to get people to think they don’t need to repent now, to wait till they die and then they can repent.

    Sometimes we get the idea that repentance and living the Gospel is some nasty pill we have to take so we get our blessings in the next life, but we have to give up all the good things in this life. That is another false notion. That just isn’t the way it is. The Gospel is the way for happiness and every good thing in this world. Those who will live the Gospel fully will find that they are blessed beyond their wildest expectations. We cannot really sacrifice because the Lord makes it up to us so much for everything that we sacrifice that it’s as if we had given up nothing, almost.

    Now, it is hard to see that when we are in the process of sacrificing sometimes, sometimes we hurt, sometimes we are abused by others, sometimes we give up our fortune, our name or something. But you see He rewards us so richly, that still should we give our lives, we have given very little in comparison to what we gain from Him.

    This is one of the things that is involved in having a testimony, it is to come to a real light, it is to come to realize that, to see that the blessings are so great. And thus to know the glory and the majesty and the goodness of God. But it is hard to live the Gospel completely. It is easy to be a romantic or a cynic, it is difficult to be on the straight and narrow.

    My wife and I were married some thirty odd years ago. Before we were married, we went through the Doctrine and Covenants very carefully and we wrote down every commandment. We said we were going to live by every one of those words, we are really going to try to be perfect. I still think that was a great thing to have done, but thirty years later, we are a little more impressed with how long it takes.

    The great difficulty there is that it is one thing to want to give ourselves to the Lord completely, and it is another thing to be able to deliver ourselves to the Lord because the world has such great ties on us, so many bad habits, so many false notions, so many things that we have inherited that just don’t fit. So we have to go through our lives idea by idea, emotional pattern by emotional pattern, desire by desire and just get rid of all the faults. But it is a slow, painful process.

    The other day we were talking about it, my wife was writing and said, “You know, maybe if I stop writing with my left hand and start writing with my right, that would be enough of a change that I could start living more of the Gospel.” We laughed, because that is a romantic idea. That isn’t the kind of change that is going to help us live the Gospel. The kind of change we need is just a little more self-discipline to do more what we know we should do. It is the pattern of our daily lives, the things we allow ourselves to think and to desire and to work on each day. That is where we are going to find perfection, is just by perfecting each day, each hour, each minute, until we can just someday deliver a perfect day to the Lord, and we can say, “Lord, I gave you everything I had today, I didn’t do anything that was just my idea. I did thy will.” When we get to the point that where we can say that, I think that is a real achievement and that is facing up to reality. But I think we have to recognize that is hard to do. It isn’t hard because serving the Lord is hard, His yoke is light. What’s hard is getting rid of the yoke of the world, getting rid of all the ideas that have gotten into our minds through advertising, and through false education, and so forth. If we could just throw that yoke off, living the Gospel would be simpler, more beautiful, easier. But it is hard to wear two yokes, and I guess most of us find ourselves in that position of struggling between two masters, which is a very difficult thing.

    Well, I’ve said enough about error. I think it is sometimes necessary to talk about error, but it isn’t a very pleasant thing to do. It is a lot more fun to talk about truth, so let’s talk about truth for a few minutes.

    As we go through our lives and find errors and get rid of them, we ought also at the same time to be looking for precious truths. I think we ought to have a jewel box where we collect specially important truths and ideas. Because it is awfully easy to get a good idea and then forget it.

    The Savior pointed this out when He said sometimes the seed falls upon the beaten path and the birds come and pick it up and carry it away. That’s as if the Lord gave us a precious truth that we did not make much fruit from, and we do not care for and treasure it, and Satan comes and takes it away. So we need to write down the precious revelations that we gain. Where would you write that down? There is a special place to put those precious things the Lord reveals to us. What is the scriptural name for it? A Book of Remembrance. And that is where the original Book of remembrance came from. It was Adam’s record of God’s revelations to him. He did not wish to lose any of those precious words because the word of God is the basis for our faith, and that is the only possibility for our having faith. But we should write those things down.

    May I take a few minutes and share with you some of the precious ideas that I have, they’re special to me.

    Now, there are some truths that are like the phone book. You find an awful lot of truths in the phone book, but most of the ideas there are hardly world shaking. However, there are some ideas that are world shaking, and I would like to express a few of them. The first one comes from Ether 12:28. The basic idea there is this, that Jesus Christ is the fountain of all righteousness. This is found in several places in the scriptures. To me this is a powerful idea, it is seminal, it affects so many things in our lives. I guess the ramifications touch about everything. Jesus Christ is the fountain of all righteousness.

    That says some very important things to me. Number one, I take righteousness as the acts of blessing others, not the desires, not the theory, but the actual acts of blessing people. Now, I take it that to be fully righteous the act should be as effective as possible. The question of our lives is, are we going to spend the rest of our lives pleasing ourselves, or are we going to spend our lives blessing others as much as possible?

    I find it delightful to worship our Savior because I understand Him, I have the witness that He is a God of righteousness, that He does nothing except it is to bless His children. That is why I say I don’t think there are any curses that are really curses, they are really blessings. Everything He does is perfectly calculated to bring as much blessing as possible to the children of men.

    And believing that, I also recognize what the scriptures say, He is the fountain of this righteousness. There is no other source, there is no other place I can go in this world to know what to do to be optimally effective in my actions. Let me unpack that a little bit. This goes back to a fundamental principle, in secular terms we could say it this way, there is no way that any human being can maximize his decisions. That may not be very meaningful, so let me say it another way. Nobody by his own wisdom or by collective human wisdom can be sure that anything he proposes to do is the best thing to do in any given circumstance.

    Suppose you were worried about whom you should marry. Suppose you wanted to make a rational decision, and the best possible decision. What would you have to know? Well, you would have to know all about yourself, all about your potential, your proclivities, inclinations, and so forth, —everything about yourself.

    Next, you would have to know every possible partner you could have in this universe, and you would have to know as much about them as you know about yourself, all about them. And then you’d have to know what would be the consequences of the next million years or so of marrying each one of these persons. Not only that, you would have to decide which set of consequences would be the best for both of you. Do you see, there is not even a fraction of human ability to answer that question. But that isn’t so remarkable because you can show, very simply, that exactly the same problems attach to deciding the simplest kind of action. Is it best to go to the store now, or at 4:00 in the afternoon? The same kinds of problems attend that kind of decision as well, and we have no more human ability to make that decision and make sure we are doing the best thing possible on our own than we do the other.

    This is the thing most people do not want to face. Humanity in general is committed to the proposition that human beings can act intelligently and correctly on their own. But it is just not so, that is a great falsehood. When men act on their own, they are stumbling in the dark, hoping only. There is no rational way for them to know in advance that what they propose to do is the best thing to do. You don’t have to be a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to figure that out. Socrates figured it out a long time ago. That’s what made him so unpopular in Athens. He went around asking all these people why they were doing what they were doing. He was seeking wisdom. He figured out that he didn’t know how to be wise, so he went around to all these people who said they were wise and knew what to do and asked them how they know what they should do. None of them could tell him, but they still insisted that they could. He finally concluded that he was wiser than they all because he knew he couldn’t do it, and they thought they could. But he was very discomfiting to them, you see.

    Supposing you went to the local head politician to ask him why he was doing what he was doing, and you could show that he had no idea that what he was doing was best for the community. That would make him rather unpopular, wouldn’t it? Well, that’s what he did with the leaders of Athens, so they gave him the hemlock. So be careful how you use that idea, if you subscribe to it, because they might give you the hemlock, too.

    This is where the world stands. The world says, “I can do it on my own,” but the scriptures say that unless you come unto Christ, you cannot be righteous, and that’s a very powerful, fundamental idea. He is the source of all righteousness. There is no other source besides Him, and we can get all of it from Him.

    Secondly, there is a law upon which all blessings are predicated. This is D&C 132:20–21. There is a law upon which all blessings are predicated, and when you receive any blessing from God, it is by obedience to that law upon which it is predicated. How many laws? How many laws are there by which we get our blessings? Let’s try the scripture again. There is a law upon which all blessings are predicated, and when we receive any blessing from God, it is by obedience to that law upon which it is predicated. How many? One. There is only one law by which blessings are received, and that’s why the law of the Gospel is singular.

    Now, when you want to get down on the Law of Moses’ level, there are lots of laws. The Ten Commandments are an example. But you see, we have to remember the Ten Commandments do not bring about eternal blessings. They are stepping stones to prepare people for the law; but like the Savior told the Jews, unless your righteousness exceeds that of the Scribes and Pharisees, unless you can do something better than the Law of Moses, you cannot enter the Kingdom of Heaven. The eternal blessings we hope for through God are predicated upon one law, and one law only. What’s the name of that law? I’ll tell you what I think it is. I think the name of that law is Faith in the Lord Jesus Christ, and that the only way we can get anything that will prove to be a blessing to us is to have faith in Him.

    We can get lots of things in this world. Lots of people think that when they get rich, for instance, they’re being blessed, don’t they. Like the old preacher who said, “Lord, you’ve tempted me with everything else, now please tempt me with money.” But riches usually are not a blessing. Most of the people who are rich will not go to the Celestial Kingdom. The Savior said that in no uncertain terms, simply because they do not learn to use it correctly, and it proves to be a millstone that drags them down instead of a help. They use it for themselves instead of for others.

    But if a person, the scriptures say, will put his faith and trust in Christ and obtain a hope in Christ, then if he seeks riches, he will get riches because he will seek riches for the opportunity of blessing the poor, of clothing the naked, and so forth. And that’s the proper use of wealth. But there is a law, and the law comes down to the word of Christ. His word is His law. We have faith only through His word, which means to say we cannot have faith until we receive a revelation from Him.

    The word of Christ is probably the most precious thing we could have. That’s why the Gift of the Holy Ghost is the Pearl of Great Price. It is the thing that is our connection with Christ. It brings us His word, and when we receive His word, we may then believe and may act upon it. To receive the word, to believe and to act is faith in Christ. That’s the definition of faith, and without all three of those there is no faith; and all blessings are received through faith in Christ.

    Idea number three: Whatsoever is not of faith, meaning faith in Christ, is sin. Now that’s a powerful idea. It hits people right between the eyes. That means anything we do on our own, we’re sinning because the only way to be righteous is to get it from the Savior; and if we get it from Him, if we get instruction from Him and do it, then we’re being righteous, everything else is sin; and that’s what humanity has to repent of, is doing everything else.

    We can be saved only as much as we turn to the Savior (this is Romans 14:23): Whatsoever is not of faith is sin. The Prophet Joseph makes a very pointed point of this in the introduction of the second volume of the Documentary History of the Church, pointing out that only as we come to Christ and serve Him can we escape sin.

    Idea number four: From Romans 8:28: All things work together for the good of those that love the Lord. Again, you see, this is a powerful idea. What does that tell us? If we just love the Lord and serve Him, there’s nothing that will happen to us except it’s for our good, for our eternal welfare. If we’ll just put ourselves in His hands and as King Benjamin said, be meek, patient, submissive, full of love, willing to submit to all things the Savior sees fit to inflict upon us, He will see to it that we will get those experiences, those trials, those tribulations and those blessings that will enable us to grow till we become like Him.

    It might be that he will have to do it through sickness, it may be that He will do it through health, He may do it through poverty, He may do it through wealth, He may do it through ignorance, that is to say, by being denied the kind of education you’d like to have. He may do it through education, but it doesn’t matter, because if we are His children and subject to His will, He will see to it. His love and His mercy are great enough that He will see to it that everything that happens to us is for our good.

    And that leads to the next idea, which is almost the same thing, but I like it so much, I just have to make a separate one out of it: from Romans 8:38–39: Paul says that he is persuaded that nothing, neither principalities nor powers, nor life nor death, nor things above nor things beneath, nothing can separate us from the love of Jesus Christ. There is no circumstance so difficult that He cannot help us, no problem so difficult that He cannot solve it, no situation in which we can get where we’re beyond the power of His blessings. In other words, there’s nothing to be afraid of. All we have to do is be His humble children, rejoice in the opportunity to live life each day, to do His will and be grateful, acknowledge His hand in all things in our lives because He does control and govern all things in our lives.

    Idea number six: This is found in D&C 50:26–30. I’ll read this one. Here we are told one of the great promises concerning those who are faithful. “He that is ordained of God and sent forth, the same is appointed to be the greatest, notwithstanding he is the least and the servant of all. Wherefore, he is possessor of all things; for all things are subject unto him, both in heaven and on the earth, the life and the light, the Spirit and the power, sent forth by the will of the Father through Jesus Christ, his Son. But no man is possessor of all things except he be purified and cleansed from all sin. And if ye are purified and cleansed from all sin, ye shall ask whatsoever you will in the name of Jesus and it shall be done.” Now I’ve never heard the wildest fairy tale that’s had that great a promise or hope. And this isn’t a fairy tale; this is reality. Have you ever heard of a greater promise than that you can have anything that you desire in righteousness, if only you’re cleansed and purified from all sin? If we have hungered to do good things in this world, there’s a great shortcut, there’s a great secret to being able to accomplish good and that is to come unto Jesus as a little child and be cleansed and purified from all sin through His atoning power. Then, you see, we can have anything we ask for.

    We’d better read the next verse though, just to put it in context: “But know this, it shall be given you what you shall ask.” Now, to many people that sounds like a contradiction. We can only have anything we ask for, as long as we ask for only what we’re told to ask for? Is that bad? No, that’s the way it has to be, because we don’t know what’s right to ask for until He tells us. We cannot pray correctly except we are instructed as to what to ask for. And so if we come to Him as little children and say, “Tell us what to ask for,” then if we are purified and cleansed from all sin, we can have whatever we are told to ask for. That may sound circular, but I don’t think it is. That is the principle of salvation, if we can just live by it.

    I have shared now with you some of my ideas. Let me put this all together now. I’m sure you are aware that when people accept the Gospel of Jesus Christ and truly are servants of the Lord, they are called different things by different people in the world. Someone who believes in Christ is looked upon as a romantic by all cynics because they have ideals. Those who believe in Christ, we who do, hope for things that are not seen, but which are true. We know they are true because we trust the Spirit of the Lord. On the other hand, those who are true servants of Jesus Christ are called cynics by romantics because we are more realistic than the romantics. We see the world the way it is, and we believe in doing things so they will get done. But we have to struggle with both of those extremes. We have to struggle with ourselves. The real struggle to conquer is in our heart. If we can ever get the struggle within our own breast, within our own mind settled in favor of the Lord Jesus Christ, that solves, really, all other problems. You see, that’s what the cynic calls a romantic idea. But you be the judge; it’s your life, it’s your future.

    I commend to you the Gospel of Jesus Christ. I know that it is true, I don’t just believe it. I’ve lived too long. I’ve seen too many things. I have seen the manifestations of the spirit. I have seen the power of the Priesthood in so many ways that were I to deny, I know that I would be denying that the sun shines. I know this is the true work of the Lord Jesus Christ. I know this is the way of happiness, the way of light, the way of truth and that the only intelligent thing for any of us to do who know about the Gospel is just to live it completely. I think we all know that when we go against our conscience, against what we think is best, the result is disastrous. I think if we have any kind of testimony, we also know that when we follow that still small voice through our conscience, it goes well with us.

    My hope and prayer is that we will seize upon this great key to eternal life, and let our lives be filled with truth and then they will be filled with righteousness. They will be filled with the Savior, and by the Savior in order that we might do much good for our fellowmen. But that’s the real question, you see, do we wish to do much good for our fellowmen. The scripture says, blessed are they who do hunger and thirst after righteousness, for they shall be filled with the Holy Ghost. I pray that that might be our hunger, that our lives will be as nothing to us except as we can bless others through our Savior. And I say this in the name of Jesus Christ, Amen.

  • Trusted with Great Knowledge

    Chauncey C. Riddle, “Trusted with Great Knowledge,” Ensign, Feb. 1977, page 86

    Morality is another term for faithfulness. To be moral in the restored gospel is to obey the Savior in all things. Why obey him in all things? Because he is a God of righteousness. He does not command by whim, but only by that which is righteous according to a standard that coexists with him.

    I understand righteousness is to bless others. Only in Christ do men know how to bless others and only from him can they receive the power to bless others sufficient to the needs of mankind, for the Savior is the sole fountain of righteousness. Those who hunger and thirst after righteousness are his sheep. They hearken to his voice and come unto him, that they might fill them with the Holy Ghost.

    Those who obey his commandments are thus moral. Being moral, they can then be trusted with great knowledge, for they will not abuse it. They will only use it to further the cause of righteousness in the earth.

    Chauncey C. Riddle
    Dean of the Graduate School
    Brigham Young University

  • Father to Son: A Dialogue on Priesthood

    Ensign, April, 1976

    By Chauncey C. Riddle

    Son. Dad, the bishop talked with me this morning about receiving the Melchizedek Priesthood. He said that one of the things I should do is talk to you about what it really means to have the priesthood.

    Father. I’m grateful the bishop gave you that assignment, Paul, because priesthood is very special to me. We have discussed the priesthood many times before, so where would you like to begin? Do you have some special questions?

    Son. Let’s pretend I have never heard about priesthood before. Could I ask you some basic questions to help me see the whole picture at once?

    Father. Fire away.

    Son. First of all, what is it?

    Father. Simply stated, priesthood is the delegated power and authority to represent Jesus Christ.

    Son. But why Jesus? Why don’t we represent our Father in heaven?

    Father. Are you thinking about the fact that all human beings are children of God the Father?

    Son. Yes. And so is Jesus.

    Father. That is true, but there is something different about our Savior. He was our eldest brother when we lived with our Heavenly Father. Then he was given a very special assignment. He was chosen by the Father to organize this earth, to people it with others of the Father’s children, to govern it, and to bless, through the atonement, each person who would come here. The rest of us didn’t get that assignment; it was a stewardship given to one person only.

    Son. You don’t mean that he has to do all those things all by himself!

    Father. No, indeed. He has many who help him, and that is precisely where priesthood comes in. But the Savior is the head. He is the one to whom the Father has given total responsibility for this earth and all things that pertain to it. The Father so loved us that he sent Jesus to create this world, then sent him into this world to suffer and die that he might save us.

    Son. But why was Jesus chosen to be that one, the Savior?

    Father. I’m sure I don’t know all the reasons, but one I do believe: I think the Father chose Jesus to represent him because of the great and pure love that Jesus had in the premortal existence. Jesus loved the Father and obeyed him in all things. But he also had a pure love for others, for us. Because Jesus’ love was pure, with no shred of selfishness or self-seeking in it, the Father knew he could trust Jesus to be solely responsible for this earth.

    Son. Didn’t anyone else have that pure love?

    Father. My guess is that there were others. But the Father’s house is a house of order. He appointed one only to be the head. When he, the Father, speaks to men, he has only one thing to say to them at first. He says to men, “This is my beloved son. Hear him.” (Joseph Smith 2:17; see also, e.g., Matt. 3:17, 17:5.) Those who keep that commandment can receive all blessings on earth and in heaven through him, through Jesus Christ. Thus the Savior has become the great High Priest, the only source of the blessings of the Father for this earth. When we receive the priesthood it is the Savior’s authority we receive. That’s why it is called “The Holy Priesthood, after the Order of the Son of God.” (See D&C 107:3)

    Son. I can see why there should be only one person to represent the Father. But I’m still worried about all the other people who also had, or have, great love for the Father and for others. What happens to them?

    Father. I believe that many of those who also have that pure love are the noble and great ones that father Abraham mentioned. The Savior makes them his rulers on earth. (See Abr. 3:22-23.)

    Son. That’s kind of hard to believe when you look at some rulers during the different dispensations of time.

    Father. Indeed, if you look at most temporal rulers. The scriptures aren’t talking about kings, generals, and presidents, however. The Savior’s rulers are those who he appoints to transmit the blessings of eternity to their fellowmen. They are the bearers of his priesthood.

    Son. You are saying that the Savior chooses out of the people of this earth certain ones of those who have pure love and gives them his priesthood so they can bless others? That sounds good, but I have a hard time relating that idea to what I see in the Church. I see some good people who have the priesthood. But I also see some others who don’t seem to have much love for anybody, let alone pure love.

    Father. ‘Tis high to be a judge, Paul. But I agree with you. We can’t honestly say that everyone who has been ordained to the priesthood is what he ought to be.

    Son. The way you are describing it, it sounds as if a person would have to be perfect to exercise the Savior’s priesthood fully.

    Father. Scary though it sounds, that is very near to the truth as I understand it. When the Savior was telling his disciple in Judea about what is expected of us, they began to despair and asked, “Who, then, can be saved?” His answer is the only hope; he told them that with man, such perfection is impossible, but that with God all good things are possible. (See Matt. 19:23-26.) Does that answer make sense to you?

    Son. I guess that means men can’t be perfect unless God helps them.

    Father. Right! That is part of what the scriptures mean when they say we are saved by grace — but only after we do all we can. (See 2 Ne. 25:23.)

    Son. I hate to be pessimistic, but I still can’t believe that most of the people I know in the priesthood have a perfect love.

    Father. Paul, the thing that is remarkable is not that some people don’t have that perfect love: the miracle is that some do. It helps if we separate beginnings and endings.

    The beginning is that no human being as he is naturally upon the earth is smart enough or good enough to represent the Savior perfectly and show forth the pure love in blessing others. So there needs to be a process of enlarging and purifying someone who is to represent the Savior.

    The beginning of that process is accepting the gospel; we must confess our weakness and covenant with the Savior in baptism to take upon us his name, to remember him always, and to obey all the instructions he gives to us. Those are the promises you priests repeat every time you consecrate the bread in the administration of the sacrament.

    Son. Yes, I remember those ideas. But are promises enough?

    Father. Not enough, but the necessary beginning. When we make those promises at baptism we are then given the blessing of having, and the commandment to receive, the Holy Ghost.

    Son. When we are confirmed?

    Father. Right. The privilege of having the Holy Ghost is one of the most marvelous things any person can have, for that influence teaches us how to begin to think and feel as the Savior does, and brings us instruction from the Savior. You remember that John the Baptist baptized with water. But he knew that the baptism of fire and the Holy Ghost that the Savior would bring was so much greater that he felt he was not worthy to untie the Savior’s shoes. It is the transforming power of the Holy Ghost that helps us to change so that we can be worthy and honorable bearers of the holy priesthood.

    Son. How does the Aaronic Priesthood fit into this?

    Father. Just as John came baptizing with water to prepare disciples whom the Savior could then baptize with the Holy Ghost, so the Aaronic Priesthood is given as a preparation for receiving the Melchizedek Priesthood. You learned as a deacon to pass the sacrament and to collect fast offering. As a teacher you began home teaching. As a priest you have been privileged to consecrate the emblems of the sacrament and to begin missionary work and perform baptism. All this time you have worked with the bishop in projects around the chapel, on the welfare farm, and in helping people in the ward. Now which of the fellows your age are being given the Melchizedek Priesthood?

    Son. Right now it’s the ones who have done a good job as priests.

    Father. Sure. If a young man has learned to be diligent, faithful, and obedient in temporal matters, that is a marvelous preparation to become a minister in spiritual matters. When he goes on his mission at age nineteen he is already a veteran in the service of our Savior. The attitudes and habits that a faithful priest has are his foundation for all of the callings of the higher priesthood. If he has learned to work under the authority of the priesthood in the Church and to live by the promptings of the Holy Spirit, then he is ready to do the work of love. Make no mistake, Paul: whether you serve as a missionary, as a worker in the Church organization, or as a husband and father, your real success in these priesthood callings will be measured by the depth and purity of your selfless love and concern for others.

    Son. Are you saying that it’s difficult to show your love for others if you have never learned to be orderly and efficient in temporal things?

    Father. I am indeed. A missionary who is lazy or unkempt or disobedient has a hard time convincing people that the restored gospel is something special. An elders quorum president who never keeps track of anything has a difficult time motivating anyone to excel. A husband who won’t work hard to provide for his family or who thinks first of his own pleasure is surely not going to lead his family to the Savior.

    Son. I can see how all these things as functions of the Aaronic Priesthood are good. But there’s got to be more to it than that.

    Father. And there is. We have been talking only about the foundation of pure love. We must add to that foundation great knowledge, skill, wisdom, and the ability to understand people and their needs. These things are all gifts of the Spirit. Those who repent of their sins and who then hunger and thirst to bless others are filled with the Holy Ghost. Then those gifts begin to flow to them.

    Let’s look at a precious scripture, Paul. Could you turn to Doctrine and Covenants 121? The part from verse 34 to the end is so important that I think every bearer of the priesthood would do well to commit it to memory, word perfect, and repeat it to himself often.

    Notice verses 34 and 40. We are told that many are called but few are chosen — and why? Verse 35 tells us we must not be turned aside by desires for things of the world or the honors of men. Our objective in the priesthood should be to serve and to bless.

    Verse 36 shows us that we cannot use the priesthood except by the powers of heaven; specifically I understand that to mean that we must have the Holy Spirit with us to exercise the priesthood. It says further that we can’t have the powers and gifts of the Spirit unless we are living righteously.

    Verse 37 tells us that if we let the things of the world turn us aside, the Holy Spirit will withdraw from us, and when it is gone, our power in the priesthood is gone. We must be honest, true, chaste, benevolent — all the good things — to use the priesthood power properly and righteously.

    Verse 38 recounts how people who won’t repent are disappointed in their priesthood opportunities. Then they turn and fight the priesthood.

    Verse 39 witnesses that most people who receive the priesthood try to use it by force and domination instead of out of purity and love.

    Now I hope you see that verse 40 answers the question you had about brethren of the priesthood who don’t seem to manifest much love. They have been given the opportunity to repent and do the works of love, but most people who are ordained to the priesthood — as it says here, “called” — do not rise to the occasion. Thus, few are chosen; few will have that priesthood eternally.

    You see, we don’t accept the gospel and come into the Savior’s church because we are perfect, but rather that we may become perfect. We don’t receive the priesthood because we are like the Savior, but so that through doing his work, we may grow to be as he is. In his great love he labors with us, helping us grow step by step, calling by calling in the kingdom. I’m sure he sorrows when those who bear his priesthood turn away and value the things of the world more than eternal life.

    Now do you see why I said that there is a difference between beginnings and endings? All of us are unworthy in the beginning, but some grow to be worthy of it in the end.

    Son. Dad, I want to serve the Savior and to bless others. What can I do to be sure that I won’t turn away?

    Father. The best that I know, Paul, is to plead with the Lord every day for help, then to hold fast to the iron rod. (See 1 Ne. 15:23-25.) I suppose the biggest temptation we have is just to let go of the rod, to take a vacation from righteousness. I think it helps to focus on the positive side. If we keep in mind what we can do and should do, that makes Satan’s temptations less alluring. Notice Doctrine and Covenants 121, verses 41 and 42. We are to use our priesthood “by persuasions, by long-suffering, by gentleness and meekness, by love unfeigned; by kindness and pure knowledge.” If we looked at ourselves in the mirror every morning and let those words pass through our minds, perhaps we would become like Nephi of old and tremble at the very thought of sinning.

    Son. Isn’t it discouraging, thinking how good we have to be?

    Father. It could be. And I get discouraged sometimes. But I am spurred on by things I can hope for. Hand me that Inspired Version of the Bible, Paul. Notice here in Genesis 14 what it says about Melchizedek and the priesthood. If we are willing to press on, we are promised that when we are faithful and it is right to do so, we will be able to divide seas, to break mountains, to break every band, to stand in the presence of God. I long to be able to heal the sick, to bless those who mourn, to lead Mother and all of you children to the Savior. I long to live in a Zion where the Savior will rule personally and all will know him. But I know that these good things can be only as we learn to exercise the holy priesthood in the full power of righteousness. Then we can fulfill the promises of the Lord in that beautiful passage in Mosiah 8: “Thus God has provided a means that man, through faith, might work mighty miracles; therefore he becometh a great benefit to his fellow beings.” (Verse 18.)

    Son. I hope we can do it, Dad.

    Father. We can if we stick together and reinforce each other, Paul. The greatest thing in my life has been the unfolding of the understanding I have of the goodness of the Savior to us. Most of that has come since I received the priesthood and began to serve in the Church. I’m so thankful for the special people who have stood at the crossroads of my life and taught me of the love of the Savior.

    Son. Who were they?

    Father. There were several, but let me mention three in particular.

    One was my deacons quorum adviser. He taught us deacons much about the gospel. I can still see him sitting on the little chairs of the Junior Sunday School room, with tears streaming down his face as he told us about the atonement and how the Savior loved the Father and us enough to be perfect.

    Another was the stake high councilor who worked with me when I was a struggling student and elders quorum president. He taught me to love the words of the prophets and to know how to live by the Spirit. He was also the stake patriarch. He gave me a blessing that has strengthened and guided me ever since.

    The third person has had the most profound effect of all That person is your mother, Paul. When we were married in the temple we were babes in the woods. We often laugh now at how naive and innocent of understanding we were. But we began to grow together. We read the scriptures together. We worked in the Church together. We suffered and we scrimped and saved together. Sometimes we were hard on each other because we were afraid. But one of the great blessings of my life has been your mother’s love for me, Paul. That has given me courage and strength and has taught me what love is truly all about.

    The people who have helped me have shown me that we need each other. My guess is that we can become like the Savior only by working together so that we grow together in his likeness.

    Son. I hope I can work with people who love the Lord.

    Father. The most precious opportunity you will have to do that will be in your marriage, Paul. All of the functions and purposes of marriage and family are connected inseparably with the operations and authority of the holy priesthood. If you do what you know you should, you and your wife will build an eternal priesthood kingdom in which to bless your own posterity forever.

    I hope you will seek out one of our Father’s daughters who is strong in the faith and is willing to grow in spirituality. Your temple marriage will give you a priesthood opportunity as big and as wide as eternity. If you and your wife can learn to love each other and your children purely and selflessly in the gospel bonds, you will come to know that joy for which man was created.

    Son. Dad, I’m grateful for this understanding.

    Father. If you can stand one more idea, Paul, please consider this: The people who you will be called to serve on your mission or in the Church already exist. Your wife is somewhere, known or unknown to you now. The children you will have already exist, somewhere. I think the important things are to love and bless all of these people now. Don’t wait until you are called or married. If you can love them now, you will keep yourself clean and you will be striving to grow in love for the Savior, in spirituality, and in righteousness. Then when your callings come, you will be ready to bless, to love with a pure love. Would you turn to the fifteenth chapter of John and read verses 5 through 12?

    Son.

    “I am the vine, ye are the branches: He that abideth in me, and I in him, the same bringeth forth much fruit: for without me ye can do nothing.

    If a man abide not in me, he is cast forth as a branch, and is withered; and men gather them, and cast them into the fire, and they are burned.

    If ye abide in me, and my words abide in you, ye shall ask what ye will, and it shall be done unto you.

    Herein is my Father glorified, that ye bear much fruit; so shall ye be my disciples.

    As the Father hath loved me, so have I loved you: continue ye in my love.

    If ye keep my commandments, ye shall abide in my love; even as I have kept my Father’s commandments, and abide in his love.

    These things have I spoken unto you, that my joy might remain in you, and that your joy might be full.

    This is my commandment, That ye love one another, as I have loved you.”

    [photos] Photography by Eldon Linschoten

    Chauncey C. Riddle, professor of philosophy and dean of the Graduate School at Brigham Young University, serves as a Sunday School teacher in the Orem 16th Ward, Orem Utah Sharon Stake. 

  • Obstacles to Prayer

    Five sobering examples from the scriptures show what could block our prayers. For Saul, the obstacle was disobedience.

    Chauncey C. Riddle, “Obstacles to Prayer,” Ensign, Jan 1976, 27

    First and last, true religion is a personal relationship with our Savior, Jesus Christ. Prayer is the key to establishing that relationship. As one prays obediently, he learns to know and to treasure the things of the Spirit. The fruit of that relationship is righteousness, doing good for one’s fellowmen as the Holy Spirit guides one. The basic sequence of events in the conversion of an ordinary man into a righteous man is: (1) He hears the gospel and is touched by the Holy Spirit. (2) The Holy Spirit teaches him how to pray. (3) As he prays the Holy Spirit guides him in purifying his life through faith in Jesus Christ, repentance, baptism, and the laying on of hands for the receiving of the right to the constant companionship of the Holy Ghost. (4) Now being in the narrow way, he prays even more effectively under the influence of the Holy Spirit and endures to the end of becoming like the Savior: full of righteousness.

    In the sequence listed above it is not just prayer that counts; it is effective prayer. Prayer is effective when one receives the guidance and gifts of the Spirit of the Lord. Some persons know how to pray but cannot; others know not how. The net effect is that they all are blocked from spiritual growth. But it is something about themselves that blocks that growth. The glad tidings of the gospel are the information we need to know to change ourselves to be able to pray effectively.

    Though this world wallows in the misery of spiritual death, no individual needs to remain like the world. Because the fulness of the gospel of Jesus Christ has been restored, accompanied by divine priesthood authority and the true church of Jesus Christ, the way is open to every person to learn effective prayer and thus to come unto the Master and to do his works. The gospel is a formula for success. No person who accepts and lives it will fail to overcome the world and its misery.

    In the scriptures we find record of persons who were not, at least for a time, successful. They were not, at those times, living the gospel and thus were cut off from the manifestations of the Spirit. Through repentance, each could have offered effective prayer and would then have received the help he needed. These examples are given to us in the scriptures that we may profit from their experience with obstacles to effective prayer. Hopefully we will not need to repeat those experiences. Let us examine the stories of King Saul, Laman and Lemuel, King Noah, Peter, and Saul of Tarsus.

    1. Disobedience. In a time of great distress and trial for the house of Israel, the Lord chose Saul of the tribe of Benjamin to be their king. Anointed under the hand of Samuel, the prophet, Saul also received instruction from the Lord through Samuel. In his obedience he had great success. But then he grew great in his own sight and felt he no longer needed to obey.

    During this time, the Lord instructed Saul to go to Amalek and utterly destroy it because of their persistent wickedness, slaying “man and woman, infant and suckling, ox and sheep, camel and ass.” (Please read 1 Sam. 15:1–5.) Saul’s obedience was only partial, was self-serving: he spared Agag, king of the Amalekites, and the best of the Amalekite sheep and oxen. When Samuel discovered this, Saul rationalized that the livestock were to be used for sacrifice for the Lord.

    “And Samuel said, Hath the Lord as great delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices, as in obeying the voice of the Lord? Behold, to obey is better than sacrifice, and to hearken than the fat of rams.

    “For rebellion is as the sin of witchcraft, and stubbornness is as iniquity and idolatry. Because thou hast rejected the word of the Lord, he hath also rejected thee from being king. …

    “And as Samuel turned about to go away, [Saul] laid hold upon the skirt of his mantle, and it rent.

    “And Samuel said unto him, The Lord hath rent the kingdom of Israel from thee this day, and hath given it to a neighbour of thine, that is better than thou.” (1 Sam. 15:22–23, 27–28.)

    The story of King Saul stands as a solemn warning to all of us. If the time ever comes that we think we can better serve God by following our own wisdom than we can by following the direction of the Lord through his Holy Spirit and through his holy prophets, we have apostatized. If we thus reject the Lord, we have broken the slender thread of communication. Our prayers cannot then be effective.

    We might speculate as to what caused King Saul to disobey. Was it pride? Was it fear of the people? Was it carelessness or thoughtlessness? Whatever the cause the result was the same: Saul no longer feared God. The purpose of prayer is to gain the knowledge and strength to do the will of God. Disobedience makes of prayer a mockery in us, even as it did for Saul.

    2. Hardness of heart. Laman and Lemuel were born to the same goodly parents that blessed Nephi with great knowledge of spiritual things. But whereas Nephi received those teachings in humility and faith, Laman and Lemuel rejected the words of their father as the imaginations of an unrealistic man. In his obedience, Nephi went on to receive great revelations and knowledge of his own. But in their hardness of heart, Laman and Lemuel were barely affected even by the visitation of an angel.

    Again we are caused to wonder why these older brothers were so obstinate, spiritually speaking. Were they incapable of exercising faith? Or were they able only to respect things that were natural? Regardless of the cause of their problems, the moral for us is clear: If we are to be men and women of God we must prize and cultivate the tender feelings of our hearts. The first intimations of revelation from the Holy Spirit are feelings in our heart—feelings of good and bad, feelings of sympathy for suffering, feelings of longing for spiritual insight. To ignore or to quash these feelings is hardheartedness. Those who demand that everything be decided in terms of physical things are thus hardhearted. They cannot learn to pray and to be guided by the Holy Spirit because they reject it when it tries to get through to them.

    Had Laman and Lemuel realized that it was not Lehi and Nephi that they were rejecting, but rather, that they were denying their own hearts, perhaps they could have repented. Perhaps they could then have experimented with those feelings to see if the gospel promises are true. They could have examined the scriptures, being led by their own hearts to understanding. But they did not. They rejected themselves as being intelligent enough to grasp spiritual things by denying their hearts the opportunity to feel.

    He who learns to pray truly and effectively is never a person who is hardhearted. In all humility he turns inward, cultivates those feelings of his heart, that still, small voice. In these things, unseen to anyone but himself, he comes to true prayer, to spirituality, to pure love, to eternal life.

    3. Selfishness. King Noah was the son of a good father who taught him correctly. But Noah sought only to enjoy the material things of life at the expense of others. Unlike his righteous father, King Noah did not labor to support himself, but taxed his people of one-fifth of their possessions to build many elegant buildings for himself and to support his many wives and concubines. Through his personal indulgence and selfish example, King Noah weakened his people both spiritually and temporally. This proved to be their downfall, even though they were warned of the consequences of their actions by the prophet Abinadi. (Please read Mosiah 12.)

    Another name for selfishness is carnal security. People who overvalue the things of the physical order have to have more and more goods and pleasures to stay satisfied. This kind of appetite cannot be satisfied except through oppression: getting someone else to do the work to provide material abundance. It is a curious paradox that people who live for material pleasures generally detest work and try to find a slave to do it for them, whereas people who treasure the things of the spirit learn to love work and they work hard to produce material blessings for others.

    The point of all this is that selfishness and glorying in carnal security cut one off from the Holy Spirit so that he cannot pray effectively. True prayer leads to righteousness; but righteousness is achieved only in sacrifice. The last thing the selfish person wants is sacrifice, so he naturally does not pray very successfully.

    4. Weakness. The story of Peter, the great chief of the Master’s apostles, is instructive in that Peter’s wavering shows us an important pitfall to avoid. On the night of his betrayal, the Savior warned Peter of this weakness when he said Peter would thrice deny his knowledge of the Savior before sunrise. True to the prophecy, Peter did deny his relationship with Jesus, but immediately repented of his actions when he realized what he had done. (See Luke 22:31–34, 54–62.)

    Before we condemn Peter for denying that he knew the Savior, let us remember two things: he did not yet have the constant companionship of the Holy Spirit, and when he did receive that great gift, he was never after in that predicament. But he did waver before he received that gift. He did not yet fully realize that all things work together for the good of those who love the Lord, and that therefore there is nothing to fear. He did not yet fully understand the love his Lord and Savior had for him. Later he, as Paul, fully understood:

    “For I am persuaded, that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come,

    “Nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord.” (Rom. 8:38–39.)

    Many of us, weak in the spirit, do waver. Weakness stifles the impulse to pray; worse, it works against our obedience when we have prayed. To serve the Lord well one must have confidence and daring. But the true confidence is born of the companionship of the Comforter. True daring is trust in the Lord, knowing that there is a narrow path to success through any difficulty if only we can love and serve him with all our hearts, mights, minds, and strength.

    5. False traditions. Saul of Tarsus was zealous in his religion. But his religion, once of God, had been adulterated by the false traditions of men. Those false traditions kept him from listening to his own conscience until the Lord chastized him. (See Acts 9:3–6.)

    The traditions of the Pharisees had led Saul far astray. False ideas from any apparent source, are the work of the father of lies, who would captivate us all in error and darkness. But into this dark world there comes a ray of glorious light, the Holy Spirit bearing witness of Jesus Christ and the Father and leading all who accept them into all truth. The traditions of men of the world are always fraught with debilitating error. But there is one truth that righteous men always pass on to others who will listen: men should put their trust in God, not in the arm of flesh. The traditions of men have one possible righteous purpose: to point each soul to a personal relationship with God. That personal relationship is achieved in true prayer.

    The happy part of these five stories of failure from the scriptures is that two of them were preludes to success. Peter and Saul were not hardened and destroyed by their disastrous experiences. They were humble enough to learn the lessons involved, to turn to the Lord, to become mighty in his work. King Saul, Laman and Lemuel, and King Noah had that same opportunity at one time. If they had been genuinely sorry, they could have gone before the Lord in repentance and in mighty prayer to seek a newness of life in him.

    You and I, perhaps also having had disastrous experiences, have the same choice. We can humble ourselves and learn to be like the Lord by yielding to the enticings of his Holy Spirit. Or we can continue in the ways of King Saul, Laman and Lemuel, or King Noah. The size of our kingdom matters not. The least of us can be disobedient like Saul, hardhearted like Laman and Lemuel, selfish like Noah, or we can repent and become mighty instruments for good as did Peter and Paul.

    If we repent, it will be through mighty prayer. That grand opportunity is no less effective today than it was for Father Adam, for Noah, for John the Beloved, for Joseph Smith. If we would have our prayers be as effective as those of President Spencer W. Kimball, we must learn to pray as he and all the holy prophets do.

    We have not been sent into the world to fail. We have been sent to fulfill the prophecies and to lay hold of every good thing, through faith and mighty prayer, for “the effectual fervent prayer of a righteous man availeth much.” (James 5:16.)

    [illustrations] Illustrated by Michael Clane Graves

    Dr. Chauncey C. Riddle is a professor of philosophy and dean of the graduate school at Brigham Young University. He teaches Sunday School in the Orem 16th Ward, Orem Utah Sharon Stake.