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Many species of animals are territorial and will defend their home or hunting ground with great vigor. Humans are territorial in that same way, but in many other ways as well. Our territory might be the high school “in-group” that the nerds are not allowed to join; or the conservative social club where the newly rich are not invited; or the academic elite where the “others” do not have the right to have an opinion; or the “good old boys” and their wives where new comers are looked down on with distrust. They are all territories (political, religious, social, cultural, economic) where the “chosen” may belong but where the “others” are not welcome. Most religions teach that their community is made up of God’s “chosen” people, where strangers are not welcome, or where converts must learn to fit in and conform in order to be “chosen” also.

The Jews were, by definition, God’s chosen people. That is their greatest strength because it is the cohesive power that has enabled them to keep their identity for the last 3,000 years. It was also their greatest weakness because it alienated them from other people, and the “others” from the Jews.

The way the Jews understood their special relationship with their God was at the root of their hatred for the Samaritans. The Jewish version of their history says that when the Assyrians captured the ten tribes and deported to the north, they filled Samaria with non-Israeliltes who were deported from other conquered lands. The Samaritan version of their history is that some Israelites remained there after the Assyrian conquest and others returned later, so the people in Samaria were as much “Israel” as were the Jews (The truth probably is a combination of both versions.)

When the Jews returned from Babylon and began to build their Second Temple, the Samaritans offered to help. The Jews rejected the offer because the Samaritans were not “chosen” and therefore were not worthy to worship Jehovah or to be in the temple. So the Samaritans build their own temple on their sacred mountain, Mount Gerizim. The two temples were centers of two different religions, and both worshiping Jehovah, until about 129 B.C. After the Jews rebelled against their Greek overlords and estabilashed their own government, the Jewish leader, John Hyrcanus, invaded Samaria and razed their temple on Mt. Gerizim. They could destroy the Samaritans temple, but their military superiority could not ameliorate the Samaritan hatred for the Jews, nor did it it lessen the Jewish contempt for the Samaritans. (That mutual repugnance has remained unchanged for 2,500 years.)

In Jesus’s time the Jews read the Law differently from the way Moses wrote it. After the Babylonian captivity they edited the Law completely. The editors left so many fingerprints in its new wording that many modern scholars believe that the Law was not written earlier than the third or fourth century B.C. After the editing, the Jews understood the Law of Moses to say they could neither share food nor drink with non-Jews, that included the Samaritans. {1}

So one can understand the Samaritan woman’s surprise when Jesus spoke to her, and her even greater surprise when he asked her for a drink.

5 Then cometh he to a city of Samaria, which is called Sychar, near to the parcel of ground that Jacob gave to his son Joseph.
6 Now Jacob’s well was there. Jesus therefore, being wearied with his journey, sat thus on the well: and it was about the sixth hour.
7 There cometh a woman of Samaria to draw water: Jesus saith unto her, Give me to drink.
8 (For his disciples were gone away unto the city to buy meat.)
9 Then saith the woman of Samaria unto him, How is it that thou, being a Jew, askest drink of me, which am a woman of Samaria? for the Jews have no dealings with the Samaritans.
10 Jesus answered and said unto her, If thou knewest the gift of God, and who it is that saith to thee, Give me to drink; thou wouldest have asked of him, and he would have given thee living water.
11 The woman saith unto him, Sir, thou hast nothing to draw with, and the well is deep: from whence then hast thou that living water?
12 Art thou greater than our father Jacob, which gave us the well, and drank thereof himself, and his children, and his cattle?
13 Jesus answered and said unto her, Whosoever drinketh of this water shall thirst again:
14 But whosoever drinketh of the water that I shall give him shall never thirst; but the water that I shall give him shall be in him a well of water springing up into everlasting life.
15 The woman saith unto him, Sir, give me this water, that I thirst not, neither come hither to draw.
16 Jesus saith unto her, Go, call thy husband, and come hither.
17 The woman answered and said, I have no husband. Jesus said unto her, Thou hast well said, I have no husband:
18 For thou hast had five husbands; and he whom thou now hast is not thy husband: in that saidst thou truly.
19 The woman saith unto him, Sir, I perceive that thou art a prophet.
20 Our fathers worshipped in this mountain [their temple on Mount Gerizim]; and ye say, that in Jerusalem is the place where men ought to worship.
21 Jesus saith unto her, Woman, believe me, the hour cometh, when ye shall neither in this mountain, nor yet at Jerusalem, worship the Father.
22 Ye worship ye know not what: we know what we worship: for salvation is of the Jews.
23 But the hour cometh, and now is, when the true worshippers shall worship the Father in spirit and in truth: for the Father seeketh such to worship him.
24 God is a Spirit: and they that worship him must worship him in spirit and in truth.
25 The woman saith unto him, I know that Messias cometh, which is called Christ: when he is come, he will tell us all things.
26 Jesus saith unto her, I that speak unto thee am he.
27 And upon this came his disciples, and marvelled that he talked with the woman: yet no man said, What seekest thou? or, Why talkest thou with her?
28 The woman then left her waterpot, and went her way into the city, and saith to the men,
29 Come, see a man, which told me all things that ever I did: is not this the Christ?
30 Then they went out of the city, and came unto him.
31 In the mean while his disciples prayed him, saying, Master, eat.
32 But he said unto them, I have meat to eat that ye know not of.
33 Therefore said the disciples one to another, Hath any man brought him ought to eat?
34 Jesus saith unto them, My meat is to do the will of him that sent me, and to finish his work.
35 Say not ye, There are yet four months, and then cometh harvest? behold, I say unto you, Lift up your eyes, and look on the fields; for they are white already to harvest.
36 And he that reapeth receiveth wages, and gathereth fruit unto life eternal: that both he that soweth and he that reapeth may rejoice together.
37 And herein is that saying true, One soweth, and another reapeth.
38 I sent you to reap that whereon ye bestowed no labour: other men laboured, and ye are entered into their labours.
39 And many of the Samaritans of that city believed on him for the saying of the woman, which testified, He told me all that ever I did.
40 So when the Samaritans were come unto him, they besought him that he would tarry with them: and he abode there two days.
41 And many more believed because of his own word;
42 And said unto the woman, Now we believe, not because of thy saying: for we have heard him ourselves, and know that this is indeed the Christ, the Saviour of the world.
43 Now after two days he departed thence, and went into Galilee.
44 For Jesus himself testified, that a prophet hath no honour in his own country (John 4:5-44).

Jesus did not acknowledge the prejudices that either side felt for the other. We do not know how far the gospel spread among the Samaritans after the Savior was there. However, the resurrected Christ instructed the apostles to preach the gospel to the Samaritans as well as to the Jews. Luke reports,

1 The former treatise have I made, O Theophilus, of all that Jesus began both to do and teach,
2 Until the day in which he was taken up, after that he through the Holy Ghost had given commandments unto the apostles whom he had chosen:
3 To whom also he shewed himself alive after his passion by many infallible proofs, being seen of them forty days, and speaking of the things pertaining to the kingdom of God:
4 And, being assembled together with them, commanded them that they should not depart from Jerusalem, but wait for the promise of the Father, which, saith he, ye have heard of me.
5 For John truly baptized with water; but ye shall be baptized with the Holy Ghost not many days hence.
6 When they therefore were come together, they asked of him, saying, Lord, wilt thou at this time restore again the kingdom to Israel?
7 And he said unto them, It is not for you to know the times or the seasons, which the Father hath put in his own power.
8 But ye shall receive power, after that the Holy Ghost is come upon you: and ye shall be witnesses unto me both in Jerusalem, and in all Judæa, and in Samaria, and unto the uttermost part of the earth.
9 And when he had spoken these things, while they beheld, he was taken up; and a cloud received him out of their sight (Acts 1:1-9).

One who went to Samaria was Philip who was a very successful missionary there (Acts 8:4–25).

As members of the LDS Church, we have the same charge that the resurrected Savior gave to his disciples. We must embrace others without prejudice. Sometimes that is as difficult for us to do as it was for the Jews to accept the Samaritans or the early Christians to accept the gentiles. We also live in cultures with built-in biases, and sometimes it is as hard for us to overcome those artificial boundaries as it was for them — and that is no more a valid excuse for us than it was for them.

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FOOTNOTE

{1} See Who Shall Ascend into the Hill of the Lord, the chapters called “The Ancient Jewish Apostasy that Rearranged the Order of the Psalms and Changed the Festival Drama” and “Evidences of Ancient Jewish Apostasy.”

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So far as we are told, the conclusion of the conversation between Nicodemus and Jesus was Jesus’s explaining that he is the Light of the World.

16 For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.
17 For God sent not his Son into the world to condemn the world; but that the world through him might be saved.
18 He that believeth on him is not condemned: but he that believeth not is condemned already, because he hath not believed in the name of the only begotten Son of God.
19 And this is the condemnation, that light is come into the world, and men loved darkness rather than light, because their deeds were evil.
20 For every one that doeth evil hateth the light, neither cometh to the light, lest his deeds should be reproved.
21 But he that doeth truth cometh to the light, that his deeds may be made manifest, that they are wrought in God (John 3:16-21).

The implications of that are enormous. Earlier this year, in several discussions of John 1:1-4, I wrote about what it means that Jesus is the Light. Briefly the ideas are these (In the following paragraph I make no attempt to justify my rationale, but you can use the search engine to find the16 discussions of John 1:1-4 that deal with those ideas).

Christ is the Spirit of Truth and knows all truth. Truth is knowledge of reality in sacred time. When an intelligent entity assimilates truth he exudes light. Because Jesus knows all truth, his light “fills the immensity of space.” That light (not just the photons we see) is the energy from which all spiritual and physical things are made, and it is our source of life. When an individual exudes pure (celestial) light, that light is love, therefore love is tangible in the same way that light/energy is tangible. Truth/light/love are equivalents, the words are simply different ways of describing the same characteristics of deity and of persons who are becoming like God. Love is the power that binds together the souls of all intelligent beings. The quality of one’s light/love defines the quality of his eternal nature, therefore of the glory of his resurrected body, and therefore the quality of his eternal life. The product of truth/light/love is joy. The quality of one’s joy is determined by the quality of his truth/light/love. As the Savior is the source of the light from which our bodies are made, so is his love the power that enables us to both experience and repent. His Atonement enables us to choose to love or not love, and to exude the quality of light that defines the quality of our love. While we are free and independent beings, our freedom and our power to grow are nurtured and made possible by the power of the Savior’s love.

I believe that is what Jesus explained to Nicodemus. Therefore he could conclude,

19 And this is the condemnation, that light is come into the world, and men loved darkness rather than light, because their deeds were evil.
20 For every one that doeth evil hateth the light, neither cometh to the light, lest his deeds should be reproved.
21 But he that doeth truth cometh to the light, that his deeds may be made manifest, that they are wrought in God (John 3:18-21).

When the Savior taught Nicodemus (and ourselves) about the power of truth, he did not limit our relationship with truth to what we know, but he broadened the meaning to include what we do. He said, “he that doeth truth cometh to the light” The Prophet Joseph elaborated on that principle in his Inspired Version where he used two other words in place of “doeth.”

21 But he who loveth truth, cometh to the light, that his deeds may be made manifest.
22 And he who obeyeth the truth, the works which he doeth they are of God (JST John 3:21-22).

He divides “do” into two separate parts: to love and to obey the truth we know.

To love truth is easy to understand. Truth/light/love are equivalents, so to love truth is simply to bask in the beauty of its glory. One cannot love truth without first loving God and his children.

To obey truth is to bring our lives into conformity with the Truth/light/love in which we rejoice. To do this, we must first rely on the Church to enable us to make the necessary priesthood covenants and participate in the ordinances which affirm and validate those covenants. When we do that and begin to be cleansed by power of the Holy Ghost we also begin to obey truth.

Whether we read it as “do truth” or “obey truth,” it is the same. There is a propriety that rules the kingdom of God, and everything must be done accordingly or it is not acceptable. Elsewhere I have discussed the word zedek which is translated as “righteousness.”{1}

Zedek means absolute correctness in priesthood and temple things. In ordinances like baptism it means doing it in the right place, dressed the right way, using the right words with the right authority, holding one’s arm the right way, burying the person in the water and lifting him up again. If anything is added and taken away, the ordinance is not performed in zedek and therefore is not valid. But when they are done correctly, the love one exudes — and accepts from God and others — seals the covenants and ordinances and makes them eternal. As the psalmist sang,

142 Thy righteousness is an everlasting righteousness, and thy law is the truth.
143 Trouble and anguish have taken hold on me: yet thy commandments are my delights.
144 The righteousness of thy testimonies is everlasting: give me understanding, and I shall live (Psalms 119:142-44).

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Even though that ends John’s account of the conversation between Jesus and Nicodemus, it does not end the story. The story concludes with these words:

22 After these things came Jesus and his disciples into the land of Judaea; and there he tarried with them, and baptized (John 3:22).

In the next chapter we learn that, “Jesus himself baptized not, but his disciples (John 4:1-3).”{2} Now the questions are, Who is ‘them’ and who is ‘he’ in the words, “he tarried with them, and baptized”? ‘Them’ is Jesus and the twelve. ‘He’ is Nicodemus. Otherwise, to say that Jesus tarried with himself and his disciples is a redundancy and makes no sense whatever. The meaning has to be that “Nicodemus tarried with them and baptized,” which tells us that Nicodemus became a disciple of Jesus, received the priesthood, and acted in Jesus’s behalf.

John mentions Nicodemus twice more, once when he defends Jesus before the Pharisees (7:50); and again when he brings spices and helps prepare Jesus’s body for burial (19:39).

My conclusion is that Nicodemus became — and remained — Jesus’s dear and trusted friend.

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FOOTNOTES

{1} Check zedek in the search engine. I always use that spelling, but it is sometimes also spelled tsedeq.

{2} The Inspired Version says “he [Jesus] himself baptized not so many as his disciples (john 4:23).” While it says Jesus did baptize some people, it does not change the meaning of “he tarried with them.”

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Jesus speaks as though their condemnation is a given, as though no further judgement is necessary. How can that be?

18 He that believeth on him is not condemned: but he that believeth not is condemned already, because he hath not believed in the name [covenant] of the only begotten Son of God.
19 And this is the condemnation, that light is come into the world, and men loved darkness rather than light, because their deeds were evil.
20 For every one that doeth evil hateth the light, neither cometh to the light, lest his deeds should be reproved.

As far as I can tell, there are two kinds of sins: bad thoughts and bad actions. A bad action that is not initiated by a bad thought but has unintended consequences may not be sin (stupid, perhaps, but not a sin), just as an accident is different from a premeditated crime in our courts of law. But a bad thought, even though it may not be followed through by an action, still has a cankering effect upon one’s soul and, therefore, may be a very serious sin. That principle is the focus of part of the Savior’s Sermon on the Mount. For example, the Savior said,

27 Behold, it is written by them of old time, that thou shalt not commit adultery;
28 But I say unto you, that whosoever looketh on a woman, to lust after her, hath committed adultery already in his heart (3 Nephi 12:27-28, Matthew 5:27-28).

Adultery is a sin that only married people can do because it is primarily about breaking a covenant and secondarily about sex. The covenant may be broken without sex being involved. But when sex is involved, the covenant is shattered.

I have wondered about the origin of evil, and this is my opinion: When we were intelligences, as soon as we began to be cognizant, we were confronted with the most important question of our existence: What is in my best interest? The answer fits on a huge spectrum with good on one end and evil on the other. However, the possibilities are all shades of only two answers. The object of our existence is to seek what is pleasurable to our Selves, and only we have the power to define what makes us happy. Lehi said our object is to have joy, but joy is a very refined kind of pleasure that fits high on one end of that spectrum. At the other end of that spectrum is a total contempt for the needs or worth of other people.

Ultimately, the answers to the great question are these: It is in my best interest to use others to my advantage. Or, Is it in my best interest to bless others and accept blessings from them that we may be exalted together. We are confronted with some form of those options every moment of our lives, and the way we respond to them defines who and what we are.

It is for that reason that Alma could say with confidence,

13 Then if our hearts have been hardened, yea, if we have hardened our hearts against the word, insomuch that it has not been found in us, then will our state be awful, for then we shall be condemned.
14 For our words will condemn us, yea, all our works will condemn us; we shall not be found spotless; and our thoughts will also condemn us; and in this awful state we shall not dare to look up to our God; and we would fain be glad if we could command the rocks and the mountains to fall upon us to hide us from his presence (Alma 12:13-14).

It grinds upon our egalitarian principles, and on our sense of democracy (and sometimes on our understanding of agency) to suppose that some people are evil, and are not capable of repentance or salvation. Yet the Savior was surrounded by such people, and he knew who they were. John tells us,

23 Now when he was in Jerusalem at the passover, in the feast day, many believed in his name, when they saw the miracles which he did.
24 But Jesus did not commit himself unto them, because he knew all men,
25 And needed not that any should testify of man: for he knew what was in man (John 2:23-25).

Jesus taught ordinary sinners that they must repent, but he issued no such invitation to those whom he called children of the devil. He challenged them,

43 Why do ye not understand my speech? even because ye cannot hear my word.
44 Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father ye will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own: for he is a liar, and the father of it.
45 And because I tell you the truth, ye believe me not.
46 Which of you convinceth [convict] me of sin? And if I say the truth, why do ye not believe me?
47 He that is of God heareth God’s words: ye therefore hear them not, because ye are not of God (John 8:43-47).

Jesus knew what was in men. They could not hide the intent of their hearts, and John’s gospel exposes them for what they were.

The aftermath of Jesus’s raising Lazarus from the dead is a prime example of their hatred and even fear.

43 And when he thus had spoken, he cried with a loud voice, Lazarus, come forth.
44 And he that was dead came forth, bound hand and foot with graveclothes: and his face was bound about with a napkin. Jesus saith unto them, Loose him, and let him go.
45 Then many of the Jews which came to Mary, and had seen the things which Jesus did, believed on him.
46 But some of them went their ways to the Pharisees, and told them what things Jesus had done
47 Then gathered the chief priests and the Pharisees a council, and said, What do we? for this man doeth many miracles.
48 If we let him thus alone, all men will believe on him: and the Romans shall come and take away both our place and nation.
…………….
53 Then from that day forth they took counsel together for to put him to death (John 11:43-53).

Judas conspired with the chief priests to trade Jesus for money, and probably thought that his betrayal must remain undetected or it would not succeed. But Jesus knew.

21 When Jesus had thus said, he was troubled in spirit, and testified, and said, Verily, verily, I say unto you, that one of you shall betray me.
22 Then the disciples looked one on another, doubting of whom he spake.
23 Now there was leaning on Jesus’ bosom one of his disciples, whom Jesus loved.
24 Simon Peter therefore beckoned to him, that he should ask who it should be of whom he spake.
25 He then lying on Jesus’ breast saith unto him, Lord, who is it?
26 Jesus answered, He it is, to whom I shall give a sop, when I have dipped it. And when he had dipped the sop, he gave it to Judas Iscariot, the son of Simon.
27 And after the sop Satan entered into him. Then said Jesus unto him, That thou doest, do quickly.
28 Now no man at the table knew for what intent he spake this unto him.
29 For some of them thought, because Judas had the bag, that Jesus had said unto him, Buy those things that we have need of against the feast; or, that he should give something to the poor.
30 He then having received the sop went immediately out: and it was night (John 13:21-30).

Jesus knew who would be responsible for his mock trial and execution, but he also knew who would not be responsible. Consequently, he showed empathy rather than judgment toward the soldiers who were simply obeying orders.

33 And when they were come to the place, which is called Calvary, there they crucified him, and the malefactors, one on the right hand, and the other on the left.
34 Then said Jesus, Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do.
35 And the people stood beholding. And the rulers also with them derided him, saying, He saved others; let him save himself, if he be Christ, the chosen of God (Luke 23:33-35).

The story of the Savior’s murder by people who should have supported him is not unique because evil men and women have always sought to eliminate the prophets. The Savior explained,

19 And this is the condemnation, that light is come into the world, and men loved darkness rather than light, because their deeds were evil.
20 For every one that doeth evil hateth the light, neither cometh to the light, lest his deeds should be reproved (John 3:18-20).

Bad people who are uncomfortable in the presence of good people try to justify themselves in the same way the chief priests did when they mocked Jesus on the cross. “And the rulers also with them derided him, saying, He saved others; let him save himself, if he be Christ, the chosen of God.”

With that same rational King Noah and many others in the Book of Mormon sought to destroy the prophets. Similarly, there were men who tried to murder Joseph Smith: William and Wilson Law; Joseph Jackson; John C. Bennett; Thomas Sharp; Governors Ford, Reynolds, and Boggs; and many others. Some of these men were the leaders of the church and had claimed to be Joseph’s friends. Others were leaders in government and were legally bound to protect him. They all acted in lurid self defense because they hated the light that exposed the darkness of their own souls.

Like Abinadi, the Lord’s anointed cannot be stopped before they have completed their mission. But, like Noah, the eternal fate of those who would kill them is not imposed upon them by some external judge. Their damnation is simply a product of who they are. As the Lord explained in a revelation to the Prophet Joseph,

19 For after it [the earth] hath filled the measure of its creation, it shall be crowned with glory, even with the presence of God the Father;
20 That bodies who are of the celestial kingdom may possess it forever and ever; for, for this intent was it made and created, and for this intent are they sanctified.
21 And they who are not sanctified through the law which I have given unto you, even the law of Christ, must inherit another kingdom, even that of a terrestrial kingdom, or that of a telestial kingdom.
22 For he who is not able to abide the law of a celestial kingdom cannot abide a celestial glory
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33 For what doth it profit a man if a gift is bestowed upon him, and he receive not the gift? Behold, he rejoices not in that which is given unto him, neither rejoices in him who is the giver of the gift.
34 And again, verily I say unto you, that which is governed by law is also preserved by law and perfected and sanctified by the same.
35 That which breaketh a law, and abideth not by law, but seeketh to become a law unto itself, and willeth to abide in sin, and altogether abideth in sin, cannot be sanctified by law, neither by mercy, justice, nor judgment. Therefore, they must remain filthy still.
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40 For intelligence cleaveth unto intelligence; wisdom receiveth wisdom; truth embraceth truth; virtue loveth virtue; light cleaveth unto light; mercy hath compassion on mercy and claimeth her own; justice continueth its course and claimeth its own; judgment goeth before the face of him who sitteth upon the throne and governeth and executeth all things (D&C 88:19-40).

The principle is very simple. God never prevents anyone from repenting, neither does he punish those who refuse to repent. Each person is simply defined by who he is, so even though a formal final judgement is requisite for the sake propriety and order, in fact, everyone judges himself by simply having acted upon to his own desires. Thus, the Savior explained,

18 He that believeth on him is not condemned: but he that believeth not is condemned already, because he hath not believed in the name [covenant] of the only begotten Son of God.
19 And this is the condemnation, that light is come into the world, and men loved darkness rather than light, because their deeds were evil.
20 For every one that doeth evil hateth the light, neither cometh to the light, lest his deeds should be reproved.

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18 He that believeth on him is not condemned: but he that believeth not is condemned already, because he hath not believed in the name of the only begotten Son of God.

There is always a new name associated with each new covenant. To not believe in the name of the only begotten Son of God is to deny the validity of the covenants that enable our salvation.

“The Only Begotten Son of God” is a name/title that identifies Jesus as the Son and heir of his Father. That name connotes the full spectrum of his identities, among which are Creator, Redeemer, Savior, First Fruits of the Resurrection, Eternal Judge, and many others. To not believe in his names is to deny both the authority and the covenants that the name denotes. {1}

When one makes a new covenant, that adds a new dimension to a person’s being and the new name is the title of that new identity. In our culture, as well as in our Church, every time we make a new covenant we get a new name.

For example Mr. Richards is elected as governor. He takes an oath (which is making a covenant) and gets a new name/title. His name is now “governor.” Brother Jackson is called to be bishop. He does not make a new covenant because he did that when he was endowed and renews it every time he takes the sacrament. However, he is ordained and the ordination was preceded by a new promise rather than by a new formal covenant, and he receives a new name, “Bishop.” The new assignment carries inherent responsibilities and powers; and the new name describes his new identity; and that identity defines him as a new person. The same thing is true when a young man goes on a mission and is called “elder.” Mormon describes the people at the time of Captain Moroni that same way.

15 And those who did belong to the church were faithful; yea, all those who were true believers in Christ took upon them, gladly, the name of Christ, or Christians as they were called, because of their belief in Christ who should come (Alma 46:15).

For that reason, the word “name” is often used in the scriptures to refer to both the person and his covenant. A few examples where the Savior’s name also means his covenants in the psalms are:

3 He restoreth my soul: he leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for his name’s sake (Psalm 23:3).

11 For thy name’s sake, O LORD, pardon mine iniquity; for it is great (Psalm 25:10-11).

9 Help us, O God of our salvation, for the glory of thy name: and deliver us, and purge away our sins, for thy name’s sake. Psalms 79:1 – 13)

John the Beloved reminded the Saints of his day,

|12 I write unto you, little children, because your sins are forgiven you for his name’s sake.
13 I write unto you, fathers, because ye have known him that is from the beginning. I write unto you, young men, because ye have overcome the wicked one. I write unto you, little children, because ye have known the Father (1 John 2:7-17).

By the mouth of Isaiah, Jehovah himself declared,

9 For my name’s sake will I defer mine anger, and for my praise will I refrain for thee, that I cut thee not off.
10 Behold, I have refined thee, but not with silver; I have chosen thee in the furnace of affliction.
11 For mine own sake, even for mine own sake, will I do it: for how should my name be polluted? and I will not give my glory unto another (Isaiah 48:8 – 14; 1 Nephi 20:9 – 12).

Probably the best explanation of the relationship of covenants and names is by King Benjamin.

7 And now, because of the covenant which ye have made ye shall be called the children of Christ, his sons, and his daughters; for behold, this day he hath spiritually begotten you; for ye say that your hearts are changed through faith on his name; therefore, ye are born of him and have become his sons and his daughters.
8 And under this head ye are made free, and there is no other head whereby ye can be made free. There is no other name given whereby salvation cometh; therefore, I would that ye should take upon you the name of Christ, all you that have entered into the covenant with God that ye should be obedient unto the end of your lives.
9 And it shall come to pass that whosoever doeth this shall be found at the right hand of God, for he shall know the name by which he is called; for he shall be called by the name of Christ.
10 And now it shall come to pass, that whosoever shall not take upon him the name of Christ must be called by some other name; therefore, he findeth himself on the left hand of God (Mosiah 5:3-10).

When the Lord spoke to Alma and assured him that all would be well, he commended Alma and his friends for their faith in his name. It is significant that in this conversation the Lord makes a real, though subtle distinction between himself and his name.

14 And it came to pass that after he had poured out his whole soul to God, the voice of the Lord came to him, saying:
15 Blessed art thou, Alma, and blessed are they who were baptized in the waters of Mormon. Thou art blessed because of thy exceeding faith in the words alone of my servant Abinadi.
16 And blessed are they because of their exceeding faith in the words alone which thou hast spoken unto them.
17 And blessed art thou because thou hast established a church among this people; and they shall be established, and they shall be my people.
18 Yea, blessed is this people who are willing to bear my name; for in my name shall they be called; and they are mine.
19 And because thou hast inquired of me concerning the transgressor, thou art blessed.
20 Thou art my servant; and I covenant with thee that thou shalt have eternal life; and thou shalt serve me and go forth in my name, and shalt gather together my sheep.
21 And he that will hear my voice shall be my sheep; and him shall ye receive into the church, and him will I also receive.
22 For behold, this is my church; whosoever is baptized shall be baptized unto repentance. And whomsoever ye receive shall believe in my name; and him will I freely forgive.
23 For it is I that taketh upon me the sins of the world; for it is I that hath created them; and it is I that granteth unto him that believeth unto the end a place at my right hand (Mosiah 26:12 – 23).

Mormon put it all in a very neat package when he placed our faith (pistis) and the Savior’s name is the same equation. {2}

37 And may the Lord Jesus Christ grant that their prayers may be answered according to their faith; and may God the Father remember the covenant which he hath made with the house of Israel; and may he bless them forever, through faith on the name of Jesus Christ. Amen (Mormon 9:34 – 37).

In ancient Israel there were some covenant names that were much more significant than others, just as some covenants were much more long-lasting than others. The most important publicly known covenant name was “son”—the one formally bestowed on the king at the time of his coronation. It was the epitome of those names because his adoption as a son of God contained the implicit assurance that his sonship would not terminate with his death. It was that name that established the eternal covenant relationships between the king and God, and by extension, between the people, the king, and God.{3}

New names often represented a covenant where no written contract was necessary. All that was necessary were mutual agreements on the terms of the covenant, and a verbal exchange of names, as illustrated in the following hypothetical story: Two persons make a covenant. Sam and Joe covenant that they will be friends forever. The agreement is that if Sam still remembers Joe in ten years, Joe will give him $100 that he will spend taking both families to dinner. The responsibilities are these: Sam will contact Joe, and Joe will provide the $100. To bind the covenant, they exchange new names. Sam’s new name is Green, Joe’s is Brown. Each person is now a larger and more complex individual than he was before because something new has been added to his Self. The new covenant names are more than just an affirmation of friendship, they are an evidence of an expansion of their Selves. They are each a larger and more complex person because their friendship made them so. Their covenant names represent their new realities. The covenant names relate to, and are only known by each other. However, those new extensions of Self will only survive for as long as the covenant remains unbroken. (So, in 1 Nephi 20:11 we hear the Lord say, “For mine own sake, yea, for mine own sake will I do this, for I will not suffer my name to be polluted, and I will not give my glory unto another.”) Ten years pass, a child knocks on Joe’s door and says, “You are Brown, and my daddy is Green,” and she holds out her hand for the money. She need say no more than that. She is not Sam, but she knows the names, and the covenant is embodied in the names. If Joe does not respond, the covenant isbroken and both Green and Brown cease to exist. For example, Nibley writes that in ancient Egypt, preserving the name was of the utmost importance because “the name is a person’s essence. If his name perishes, he himself does not exist any more.”{4} However, the converse is also true. If Joe does respond correctly, and gives the little girl the $100, then the covenant is sealed, and both Green and Brown—and their bond of friendship—live forever.
Mowinckel understood the significance of new names, and explained why it was so important to the king of Israel. He wrote:

[The king’s] anointing was related to his endowment with the spirit. The later tradition says explicitly that when David was anointed, ‘the spirit of Yahweh leaped upon him’.
In virtue of his endowment with the divine spirit, the king is filled with superhuman power. He receives ‘a new heart’; he is changed into a new man (1 Sam. x, 6, 9). …He receives a new disposition expressed, according to oriental custom, in giving to him a new name which indicates his new, intimate relationship with the God who has chosen him, and whom he represents.
Through his anointing and endowment with the divine spirit, the king also receives superhuman wisdom. {5}

The new name that the king received at the time of his coronation accorded to him the responsibilities and powers embodied in the ancient concepts of covenants, treaties, adoption, and heirship. His anointing had been the confirming evidence of the validity of those powers, and his new name was the personal verification of them. As was true with all other parts of the ceremony, when the king received his new name, each participant in the audience received the same covenant new name. When a person received a new name, both the name and the covenant become a part of the individual’s living Self. If one were to break the covenant and lose the name, he violated that part of the law of his own being, and consequently he became less than he would have been otherwise. It was understood that God could not break his part of the covenant, so that left the king (and his individual subjects) entirely free to define their own destinies. The underlying concept was that God’s children had the power to shrink or to expand their individual Selves by breaking or keeping the covenants they had made with God.

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FOOTNOTES

{1}See “Christ, Names of” in the Bible Dictionary.

{2}Faith is pistis which means covenant or contract. See pistis using the search engine in this website.

{3}This and the following paragraphs are from Who Shall Ascend into the Hill of the Lord.

{4} Hugh Nibley, The Message of the Joseph Smith Papyri: An Egyptian Endowment (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1975), 139.

{5} Sigmund Mowinckel, He that Cometh (New York: Abingdon, 1954), 66.

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This encapsulation of part of the conversation between Jesus and Nicodemus contains what may be the most beautiful sentence in the scriptures.

16 For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life (John 3:16).

In the New Testament, only John uses the Savior’s name, “the Only Begotten Son of God.” That may be significant because it is also true that only John uses a discussion of the premortal Christ as the beginning point of his gospel, and also of letter we call First John. When John uses that name, he always does it with great reverence.(John 1:14-18; 3:17, 18; 1 John 4:1-21). {1}

One wonders if there is more to “the disciple whom Jesus loved” than just their comradery in this life. It may be that when John focuses his writings on the glory of the premortal Christ, that John is reminiscing about their earlier friendship as well. The admonition that concludes in his letter to the Saints includes these tender words that express his total devotion.

7 Beloved, let us love one another: for love is of God; and every one that loveth is born of God, and knoweth God.
8 He that loveth not knoweth not God; for God is love.
9 In this was manifested the love of God toward us, because that God sent his only begotten Son into the world, that we might live through him.
10 Herein is love, not that we loved God, but that he loved us, and sent his Son to be the propitiation for our sins.
11 Beloved, if God so loved us, we ought also to love one another (1 John 4:1-21).

The fact that Jesus used that name/title, “only begotten Son,” in his conversation with Nicodemus, is another evidence that the Jewish scholar had access to, and was familiar with, historical documents that we do not now have in our Old Testament.

The name, “Only Begotten Son,” is very ancient, but it is not found anyplace in the Old Testament. However, it is found throughout the version of Genesis that is the Book of Moses . Of the 54 times the Savior is called “the Only Begotten” in our scriptures, 26 (almost exactly half) are in the Book of Moses, indicating that even though the name was known by the early Israelites, it had been lost — probably along with the temple rites, during the Jewish apostasy that happened about the time Lehi and his family left Jerusalem.

The name is both a statement of the Savior’s relationship with his Father, and also an assertion of his royal heritage, and his eternal kingship and priesthood.

Jesus used this name/title twice during his conversation with Nicodemus. The second time was near the end when he explained,

17 For God sent not his Son into the world to condemn the world; but that the world through him might be saved.
18 He that believeth on him is not condemned: but he that believeth not is condemned already, because he hath not believed in the name of the only begotten Son of God (John 3:18).

Like those in the Book of Moses, this reference also calls our attention back to the very beginning by asserting that we must believe “in the name of the only begotten Son of God.”

In that verse, as elsewhere, “name” denotes “covenant.” One always receives a new name when one makes a new covenant (as, for instance, when we are baptized and take the sacrament, and elsewhere, we take upon us the name of the Savior). Because that is so, the word “name” is often code for “covenant,” as it is here:

18 He that believeth on him is not condemned: but he that believeth not is condemned already, because he hath not believed in the name [covenant] of the only begotten Son of God.

Nephi also taught that concept. He prophesied that after the Jews left Babylon and returned to the land of Jerusalem they still would not have peace.

12 But, behold, they shall have wars, and rumors of wars; and when the day cometh that the Only Begotten of the Father, yea, even the Father of heaven and of earth [that is another of the Savior’s names], shall manifest himself unto them in the flesh, behold, they will reject him, because of their iniquities, and the hardness of their hearts, and the stiffness of their necks.
13 Behold, they will crucify him; and after he is laid in a sepulchre for the space of three days he shall rise from the dead, with healing in his wings; and all those who shall believe on his name shall be saved in the kingdom of God. Wherefore, my soul delighteth to prophesy concerning him, for I have seen his day, and my heart doth magnify his holy name (2 Nephi 25:12-13).

Theother name/title that Nephi uses for the Savior is “the Father of heaven and of earth.” It is about Jehovah’s role as the Creator God.

It is intriguing to me that the prophetic name “the Only Begotten Son of the Father” is most frequently used about the Savior before he was born on this earth. He was called that from the very beginning. That name also identifies him as the Creator.

31 And behold, the glory of the Lord was upon Moses, so that Moses stood in the presence of God, and talked with him face to face. And the Lord God said unto Moses: For mine own purpose have I made these things. Here is wisdom and it remaineth in me.
32 And by the word of my power, have I created them, which is mine Only Begotten Son, who is full of grace and truth.
33 And worlds without number have I created; and I also created them for mine own purpose; and by the Son I created them, which is mine Only Begotten (Moses 1:31-33).

1 And it came to pass that the Lord spake unto Moses, saying: Behold, I reveal unto you concerning this heaven, and this earth; write the words which I speak. I am the Beginning and the End, the Almighty God; by mine Only Begotten I created these things; yea, in the beginning I created the heaven, and the earth upon which thou standest (Moses 2:1).

26 And I, God, said unto mine Only Begotten, which was with me from the beginning: Let us make man in our image, after our likeness; and it was so. And I, God, said: Let them have dominion over the fishes of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.
27 And I, God, created man in mine own image, in the image of mine Only Begotten created I him; male and female created I them (Moses 2:26-27).

In the Book of Mormon, Nephi, Jacob, and Alma all refer to the premortal Savior as the Only Begotten Son of God. {2} For example, while Alma was speaking to Zeezrom and others, he explained,

Now we see that Adam did fall by the partaking of the forbidden fruit, according to the word of God; and thus we see, that by his fall, all mankind became a lost and fallen people (Alma 12:22).

He then taught his listeners the origins of the Nephite temple drama and assured them of the Father’s promise that “whosoever repenteth, and hardeneth not his heart, he shall have claim on mercy through mine Only Begotten Son, unto a remission of his sins; and these shall enter into my rest (Alma 12:34).” Alma said,

28 And after God had appointed that these things should come unto man, behold, then he saw that it was expedient that man should know concerning the things whereof he had appointed unto them;
29 Therefore he sent angels to converse with them, who caused men to behold of his glory.
30 And they began from that time forth to call on his name; therefore God conversed with men, and made known unto them the plan of redemption, which had been prepared from the foundation of the world; and this he made known unto them according to their faith and repentance and their holy works.
31 Wherefore, he gave commandments unto men, they having first transgressed the first commandments as to things which were temporal, and becoming as Gods, knowing good from evil, placing themselves in a state to act, or being placed in a state to act according to their wills and pleasures, whether to do evil or to do good—
32 Therefore God gave unto them commandments, after having made known unto them the plan of redemption, that they should not do evil, the penalty thereof being a second death, which was an everlasting death as to things pertaining unto righteousness; for on such the plan of redemption could have no power, for the works of justice could not be destroyed, according to the supreme goodness of God.
33 But God did call on men, in the name of his Son, (this being the plan of redemption which was laid) saying: If ye will repent and harden not your hearts, then will I have mercy upon you, through mine Only Begotten Son;
34 Therefore, whosoever repenteth, and hardeneth not his heart, he shall have claim on mercy through mine Only Begotten Son, unto a remission of his sins; and these shall enter into my rest.
35 And whosoever will harden his heart and will do iniquity, behold, I swear in my wrath that he shall not enter into my rest ( Alma 12:33-34).

Then, almost immediately after reviewing the origin of the Nephite temple drama, Alma explained the origin of the orders of premortal priesthood. {3}

5 Or in fine, in the first place they were on the same standing with their brethren; thus this holy calling being prepared from the foundation of the world for such as would not harden their hearts, being in and through the atonement of the Only Begotten Son,
……………………………….
9 Thus they become high priests forever, after the order of the Son, the Only Begotten of the Father, who is without beginning of days or end of years, who is full of grace, equity, and truth. And thus it is. Amen (Alma13:1-9).

Just as our beginnings are described withing the context of “the Only Begotten Son of God,” so also are our endings. Here are some excerpts from the vision that is Doctrine and Covenants section 76. While they are about those who inherit the celestial glory, they also tell us a great deal about who Christ is.

12 By the power of the Spirit our eyes were opened and our understandings were enlightened, so as to see and understand the things of God——
13 Even those things which were from the beginning before the world was, which were ordained of the Father, through his Only Begotten Son, who was in the bosom of the Father, even from the beginning;
……………………………….
22 And now, after the many testimonies which have been given of him, this is the testimony, last of all, which we give of him: That he lives!
23 For we saw him, even on the right hand of God; and we heard the voice bearing record that he is the Only Begotten of the Father——
24 That by him, and through him, and of him, the worlds are and were created, and the inhabitants thereof are begotten sons and daughters unto God.
……………………………….
50 And again we bear record——for we saw and heard, and this is the testimony of the gospel of Christ concerning them who shall come forth in the resurrection of the just——
51 They are they who received the testimony of Jesus, and believed on his name and were baptized after the manner of his burial, being buried in the water in his name, and this according to the commandment which he has given——
52 That by keeping the commandments they might be washed and cleansed from all their sins, and receive the Holy Spirit by the laying on of the hands of him who is ordained and sealed unto this power;
53 And who overcome by faith, and are sealed by the Holy Spirit of promise, which the Father sheds forth upon all those who are just and true.
54 They are they who are the church of the Firstborn.
55 They are they into whose hands the Father has given all things——
56 They are they who are priests and kings, who have received of his fulness, and of his glory;
57 And are priests of the Most High, after the order of Melchizedek, which was after the order of Enoch, which was after the order of the Only Begotten Son.
58 Wherefore, as it is written, they are gods, even the sons of God——
59 Wherefore, all things are theirs, whether life or death, or things present, or things to come, all are theirs and they are Christ’s, and Christ is God’s.
60 And they shall overcome all things.
61 Wherefore, let no man glory in man, but rather let him glory in God, who shall subdue all enemies under his feet.
62 These shall dwell in the presence of God and his Christ forever and ever.
63 These are they whom he shall bring with him, when he shall come in the clouds of heaven to reign on the earth over his people.
64 These are they who shall have part in the first resurrection.
65 These are they who shall come forth in the resurrection of the just.
66 These are they who are come unto Mount Zion, and unto the city of the living God, the heavenly place, the holiest of all.
67 These are they who have come to an innumerable company of angels, to the general assembly and church of Enoch, and of the Firstborn.
68 These are they whose names are written in heaven, where God and Christ are the judge of all.
69 These are they who are just men made perfect through Jesus the mediator of the new covenant, who wrought out this perfect atonement through the shedding of his own blood.
70 These are they whose bodies are celestial, whose glory is that of the sun, even the glory of God, the highest of all, whose glory the sun of the firmament is written of as being typical (D&C 76: 12-13, 22-24,50-70).

We cannot know how many of those concepts Nicodemus already understood before he talked with Jesus, but given what else Jesus told him, it is reasonable to suppose that most, if not all of these facets of the name “the Only Begotten Son of God,” were included in their conversation.

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FOOTNOTES

{1}The phrase “Only Begotten in the flesh” is a convenient modern explanation, but it is not found anywhere in the scriptures (except in the LDS Bible Dictionary). Still, it tells a truth that is important to tell.

{2} 2 Nephi 25:12-13; Jacob 4:6, 11; Alma 5:35-53; 9:26; 12:33-34; 13:5. 9.

{3} There is an analysis of priesthood “orders” in the essay called “John 1:1-4 — & Alma 13:1-20 — ‘in the beginning’ — ‘Orders’ of Premortal Priesthood.”

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14 And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of man be lifted up:
15 That whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have eternal life.

That story is told in the Old Testament, but its meaning is not given there. Jesus tells Nicodemus that it is symbolic of himself and of the saving powers of his Atonement. He is not just talking about mercy in this life, but also about eternal life through the resurrection.

Here is the story as it is told in the Old Testament.

5 And the people spake against God, and against Moses, Wherefore have ye brought us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness? for there is no bread, neither is there any water; and our soul loatheth this light bread. [the light bread was the manna which the Lord had provided for them to eat]
6 And the LORD sent fiery serpents among the people, and they bit the people; and much people of Israel died.
7 Therefore the people came to Moses, and said, We have sinned, for we have spoken against the LORD, and against thee; pray unto the LORD, that he take away the serpents from us. And Moses prayed for the people.
8 And the LORD said unto Moses, Make thee a fiery serpent, and set it upon a pole: and it shall come to pass, that every one that is bitten, when he looketh upon it, shall live.
9 And Moses made a serpent of brass, and put it upon a pole, and it came to pass, that if a serpent had bitten any man, when he beheld the serpent of brass, he lived (Numbers 21:1-10).

In the Book of Mormon, when Nephi was confronted by apostate judges he cited the testimonies of many prophets, saying that the Messiah to come was the Son of God. Among those prophets was Moses, about whom he said,

13 But, behold, ye not only deny my words, but ye also deny all the words which have been spoken by our fathers, and also the words which were spoken by this man, Moses, who had such great power given unto him, yea, the words which he hath spoken concerning the coming of the Messiah.
14 Yea, did he not bear record that the Son of God should come? And as he lifted up the brazen serpent in the wilderness, even so shall he be lifted up who should come.
15 And as many as should look upon that serpent should live, even so as many as should look upon the Son of God with faith, having a contrite spirit, might live, even unto that life which is eternal.
16 And now behold, Moses did not only testify of these things, but also all the holy prophets, from his days even to the days of Abraham (Helaman 8:12 – 16).

The Hebrew word, Messiah, is the same as the Greek word, Christ. They each mean “the Anointed One.” In ancient Israel, kings and priests were anointed to become such.

About the time Lehi left Jerusalem, the Jews lost their king, and temple, and Melchizedek priesthood. The were never to become an independent nation again until the last century. The oppressed Jews then chose to understand that the Messiah to come would be a king who was a remarkable military leader. But, as Jesus explained to Nicodemus, his being the Messiah meant something quite different from that: “whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have eternal life.”

There was a time when the Jews had understood that, but that time had long since passed. The ancient Feast of Tabernacles temple drama told of the crucifixion of their Messiah, and of his ultimate triumph in bringing the gospel to the people who had died without it. The account was still in their Psalms, but in Jesus’s time there were probably few who knew what it meant. It is likely that the scholar Nicodemus was among those who did understand, and it is also llikely that he and Jesus talked about this psalm during their conversation.

As part of ancient temple drama, the Jews had recited the 22nd Psalm which contains a vivid description of the Savior’s pain while he was on the cross.

After his crucifixion, each of the authors of the gospels cited Psalm 22 as prophetic evidence that Jesus was the Messiah (Matthew 27:35,46; Mark 15:24, 34; Luke 23:34; John 19:24).Luke 23:34; John 19:24).

The first two thirds of Psalm 22 are about Jesus on the cross. Its first lines were quoted by the Savior as he experienced the horror the psalm had prophesied:

1  My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me? why art thou so far from helping me, and from the words of my roaring?
2 O my God, I cry in the daytime, but thou hearest not; and in the night season, and am not silent.
3 But thou art holy, O thou that inhabitest the praises of Israel.
4 Our fathers trusted in thee: they trusted, and thou didst deliver them.
5 They cried unto thee, and were delivered: they trusted in thee, and were not confounded.
6 But I am a worm, and no man; a reproach of men, and despised of the people.
7 All they that see me laugh me to scorn: they shoot out the lip, they shake the head, saying,
8 He trusted on the LORD that he would deliver him: let him deliver him, seeing he delighted in him.
9 But thou art he that took me out of the womb: thou didst make me hope when I was upon my mother’s breasts.
10 I was cast upon thee from the womb: thou art my God from my mother’s belly.
11 Be not far from me; for trouble is near; for there is none to help.
12 Many bulls have compassed me: strong bulls of Bashan have beset me round. [gossips] {1}
13 They gaped upon me with their mouths, as a ravening and a roaring lion.
14 I am poured out like water, and all my bones are out of joint: my heart is like wax; it is melted in the midst of my bowels.
15 My strength is dried up like a potsherd; and my tongue cleaveth to my jaws; and thou hast brought me into the dust of death.
16 For dogs have compassed me: the assembly of the wicked have inclosed me: they pierced my hands and my feet.
17 I may tell all my bones: they look and stare upon me.
18 They part my garments among them, and cast lots upon my vesture.
19 But be not thou far from me, O LORD: O my strength, haste thee to help me.
20 Deliver my soul from the sword; my darling from the power of the dog.
21 Save me from the lion’s mouth: for thou hast heard me from the horns of the unicorns.

In the last third of the Psalm, we see the triumphant Messiah fulfilling his covenants in the midst of the congregation among the dead where “all the kindreds of the nations shall worship before thee,” as described in Joseph F. Smith’s vision of the redemption of the dead (D&C 138).

22 I will declare thy name unto my brethren: in the midst of the congregation will I praise thee.
23 Ye that fear the LORD, praise him; all ye the seed of Jacob, glorify him; and fear him, all ye the seed of Israel.
24 For he hath not despised nor abhorred the affliction of the afflicted; neither hath he hid his face from him; but when he cried unto him, he heard.
25 My praise shall be of thee in the great congregation: I will pay my vows before them that fear him.
26 The meek shall eat and be satisfied: they shall praise the LORD that seek him: your heart shall live for ever.
27 All the ends of the world shall remember and turn unto the LORD: and all the kindreds of the nations shall worship before thee.
28 For the kingdom is the LORD’s: and he is the governor among the nations.
29 All they that be fat upon earth shall eat and worship: all they that go down to the dust shall bow before him: and none can keep alive his own soul.
30 A seed shall serve him; it shall be accounted to the Lord for a generation.
31 They shall come, and shall declare his righteousness unto a people that shall be born, that he hath done this (Psalms 22:1 – 31).

John began this story by telling us that Jesus was very careful whom he talked to. It is a testimony of the character of Nicodemus that Jesus told him that he had the authority to perform the ancient temple rites, that he was a true prophet, that he was Jehovah, and now that he is the Messiah. That was not all, before this conversation is over, Jesus will tell Nicodemus everything.
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FOOTNOTE

{1} In the phrase “strong bulls of Bashan” the word “bulls” is in italics and was added by the translators, leaving room for us to wonder if “bulls” was the intended meaning. Jacobs’s reports that “cow of Bashan” was a derogatory term describing a gossip. Paul F. Jacobs, “‘Cows of Bashan’—A Note on the Interpretation of Amos 4:1,” Journal of Biblical Literature 104 (1985): 109-10.

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In John’s encoded account of Jesus’s conversation with Nicodemus, we have a very brief but accurate description of a sode experience.{1} Jesus said,

13 And no man hath ascended up to heaven, but he that came down from heaven, even the Son of man which is in heaven (John 3:13).

The Hebrew word for “council” is sode. It means the secret decisions of the council, so sode is frequently translated as “secret” in the Old Testament. For example, Amos says,

7 Surely the Lord God will do nothing, but he revealeth his secret [sode] to his servants the prophets (Amos 3:7).

A “sode experience” is when the prophet returns to the Council in Heaven where he relearns and re-accepts the assignments he originally received there before the earth was created. It is likely that Paul was remembering his own sode experience when he wrote,

2 I knew a man in Christ above fourteen years ago, (whether in the body, I cannot tell; or whether out of the body, I cannot tell: God knoweth;) such an one caught up to the third heaven.
3 And I knew such a man, (whether in the body, or out of the body, I cannot tell: God knoweth;)
4 How that he was caught up into paradise, and heard unspeakable words, which it is not lawful for a man to utter (2 Corinthians 12:2-4).

A complete description of a sode experience contains the following elements: The prophet is in a meeting and mentions that other members of the Council are also present. Heavenly Father sits upon his throne and presides. Jehovah conducts and makes the assignments. An ordinance is performed which gives the prophet the authority to speak the words of God. After that, the prophet returns to his own time and place in mortality to fulfill the assignment. A short, but very complete example is 1 Nephi 1:8-14 where Nephi tells about Lehi’s sode experience.

8 And being thus overcome with the Spirit, he was carried away in a vision, even that he saw the heavens open, and he thought he saw God sitting upon his throne [presiding], surrounded with numberless concourses of angels [other members of the Council] in the attitude of singing and praising their God [they are in a meeting].
9 And it came to pass that he saw One [Jehovah] descending out of the midst of heaven, and he beheld that his luster was above that of the sun at noon-day.
10 And he also saw twelve others following him, and their brightness did exceed that of the stars in the firmament.
11 And they came down and went forth upon the face of the earth; and the first [Jehovah] came and stood before my father, and gave unto him a book, and bade him that he should read [Then we read Lehi’s response to the assignment] (1 Nephi 1:8-11).

The book Lehi reads contained his premortal assignment and his reading it represented an ordinance giving him the authority to teach the words of the book. (More about that below.)

In the days of Solomon’s Temple, the measure of a true prophet was that he had had a sode experience, and therefore, he could, with authority, speak the words of God.

Reports of sode experiences by the Israelite prophets are quite common in the Old Testament up until the time of the destruction of Solomon’s Temple. When that happened, the Jews not only lost their Temple, but also their king, and they never again performed the Feast of Tabernacles temple drama. Consequently, at the time Jesus spoke with Nicodemus, no Jew had claimed to have had a sode experience in the past 600 years.

However, Jesus words to Nicodemus declared that he had a sode experience, had reaffirmed his premortal covenants in the Council and was, by definition, a true prophet. John tells us all that in one short sentence. Jesus said,

13 And no man hath ascended up to heaven [returned to the Council to reaffirm his covenants], but he that came down from heaven [to teach the words of God], even the Son of man which is in heaven (John 3:13).

Jesus tells Nicodemus that not only did he attend the Council, but that he conducted its affairs is Jehovah, “the Son of man which is in heaven.”

In his writings, John keeps sacred things sacred. He tells the initiated just enough that they can know what this conversation was about—and leaves it to them to fill in the blanks. But to the reader who does not have “ears to hear,” John says almost nothing.

That simple sentence, as John reports it, lets us know that Jesus told Nicodemus a great deal about his own premortal Self. Indeed, he may have told him almost everything.

At the premortal Council in Heaven, the prophets (and probably also each of us) received and accepted assignments to be fulfilled in a specific time and place in mortality. For the ancient Israelites, their temple drama was a generic review of those assignments. During the drama they learned where they came from, how they came to be here, what they were to do while they were here, and how to go home again. For us, as we study that ancient drama, our patriarchal blessings, and what we are taught by the Holy Ghost about what is in the scriptures and what our prophets say, augments the generic drama to make it very personal.

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The following are excerpts from the prophets’ descriptions of their sode experiences. I have chosen to quote the part about their receiving authority to speak God’s words. The ordinances are described differently, but as far as I can tell, they represent the same thing. Lehi read the words of a book. John ate a book. Isaiah had a “hot coal” placed on his lips to make his mouth clean. Ezekiel ate a scroll. The Lord touched Jeremiah’s mouth with his hand and said, “Behold, I have put my words in thy mouth.”

About himself, John records,

7 But in the days of the voice of the seventh angel, when he shall begin to sound, the mystery of God should be finished, as he hath declared to his servants the prophets.
8 And the voice which I heard from heaven spake unto me again, and said, Go and take the little book which is open in the hand of the angel which standeth upon the sea and upon the earth.
9 And I went unto the angel, and said unto him, Give me the little book. And he said unto me, Take it, and eat it up; and it shall make thy belly bitter, but it shall be in thy mouth sweet as honey.
10 And I took the little book out of the angel’s hand, and ate it up; and it was in my mouth sweet as honey: and as soon as I had eaten it, my belly was bitter.
11 And he said unto me, Thou must prophesy again before many peoples, and nations, and tongues, and kings (Revelation 10:7 – 11).

Isaiah chapter 6 is widely recognized as the most complete account of a sode experience in the Old Testament. However, there are places that are difficult to understand. All of those difficulties are cleared up in the brass plates version that is found in 2 Nephi 16.

1 In the year that king Uzziah died, I saw also the Lord sitting upon a throne, high and lifted up, and his train filled the temple.
2 Above it stood the seraphim; each one had six wings; with twain he covered his face, and with twain he covered his feet, and with twain he did fly.
3 And one cried unto another, and said: Holy, holy, holy, is the Lord of Hosts; the whole earth is full of his glory.
4 And the posts of the door moved at the voice of him that cried, and the house was filled with smoke.
5 Then said I: Wo is unto me! for I am undone; because I am a man of unclean lips; and I dwell in the midst of a people of unclean lips; for mine eyes have seen the King, the Lord of Hosts.
6 Then flew one of the seraphim unto me, having a live coal in his hand, which he had taken with the tongs from off the altar;
7 And he laid it upon my mouth, and said: Lo, this has touched thy lips; and thine iniquity is taken away, and thy sin purged.
8 Also I heard the voice of the Lord, saying: Whom shall I send, and who will go for us? Then I said: Here am I; send me.
9 And he said: Go and tell this people—Hear ye indeed, but they understood not; and see ye indeed, but they perceived not.
10 Make the heart of this people fat, and make their ears heavy, and shut their eyes—lest they see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and understand with their heart, and be converted and be healed.
11 Then said I: Lord, how long? And he said: Until the cities be wasted without inhabitant, and the houses without man, and the land be utterly desolate;
12 And the Lord have removed men far away, for there shall be a great forsaking in the midst of the land.
13 But yet there shall be a tenth, and they shall return, and shall be eaten, as a teil––tree, and as an oak whose substance is in them when they cast their leaves; so the holy seed shall be the substance thereof (2 Nephi 16:1-13. See Isaiah 6:1-13).

In the first several chapters of Ezekiel he recalls his sode experience. This is the part where he received the authority to speak God’s words.

1 Moreover he said unto me, Son of man, eat that thou findest; eat this roll, and go speak unto the house of Israel.
2 So I opened my mouth, and he caused me to eat that roll.
3 And he said unto me, Son of man, cause thy belly to eat, and fill thy bowels with this roll that I give thee. Then did I eat it; and it was in my mouth as honey for sweetness.
4 And he said unto me, Son of man, go, get thee unto the house of Israel, and speak with my words unto them (Ezekiel 3:1 – 4).

Jeremiah also takes several chapters to describe his sode experience. It begins with the Lord telling him,

5 Before I formed thee in the belly I knew thee; and before thou camest forth out of the womb I sanctified thee, and I ordained thee a prophet unto the nations (Jeremiah 1:5).

Later, God gives him the authority to speak his words.

7 But the LORD said unto me, Say not, I am a child: for thou shalt go to all that I shall send thee, and whatsoever I command thee thou shalt speak.
8 Be not afraid of their faces: for I am with thee to deliver thee, saith the LORD.
9 Then the LORD put forth his hand, and touched my mouth. And the LORD said unto me, Behold, I have put my words in thy mouth.
10 See, I have this day set thee over the nations and over the kingdoms, to root out, and to pull down, and to destroy, and to throw down, to build, and to plant (Jeremiah 1:7 – 10).

It was also Jeremiah to whom the Lord explained that false prophets were those who had not had a sode experience and therefore did not have the authority to speak in God’s behalf.

18 For who hath stood in the counsel [sode] of the Lord, and hath perceived and heard his word? who hath marked his word, and heard it?
19 Behold, a whirlwind of the Lord is gone forth in fury, even a grievous whirlwind: it shall fall grievously upon the head of the wicked.
20 The anger of the Lord shall not return, until he have executed, and till he have performed the thoughts of his heart: in the latter days ye shall consider it perfectly.
21 I have not sent these prophets, yet they ran: I have not spoken to them, yet they prophesied.
22 But if they had stood in my counsel [sode], and had caused my people to hear my words, then they should have turned them from their evil way, and from the evil of their doings (Jeremiah 23:18-22)

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FOOTNOTE

{1} In Who Shall Ascend into the Hill of the Lord, Stephen and I discuss that prophet call in the chapter called “Sode Experience—Returning to the Council in Heaven.” In the first edition it is on pages 195-209. In the paperback edition (the one that is in PDF on this website under “published books) it is on pages 139-48.

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Hugh Nibley once said that a translation is really a commentary. The next verse in the Savior’s conversation with Nicodemus is a perfect example of that. As it is translated, it makes no more sense than Nicodemus’s question about how a man can be born again. The translators of the King James Bible did the best they could (and what they did is truly beautiful), but they did not know the ancient Israelite temple code and clearly had no idea what was going on here. They believed Nicodemus was simply dumbfounded by the Savior’s answer, so they have Jesus saying something to him that reflects their attitude.

8 The wind bloweth where it listeth, and thou hearest the sound thereof, but canst not tell whence it cometh, and whither it goeth: so is every one that is born of the Spirit (John 3:8).

I suspect almost every missionary of the LDS Church has explained to their new investigators the same thing that Jesus is explaining to Nicodemus. “The feeling you are experiencing is the Holy Ghost. If you will learn to listen to it, it will teach you wonderful things.” That is what the Savior is saying to Nicodemus.

8 The wind [Strong # 4151] bloweth [Strong # 4154, to breathe, to blow] where it listeth, and thou hearest the sound thereof, but canst not tell whence it cometh, and whither it goeth: so is every one that is born of the Spirit [Strong # 4151] (John 3:8).

The word translated as “wind,” and the word translated as “Spirit” is the same Greek word (Strong # 4151). It means,

A current of air, i.e. breath or a breeze;
the spirit, i.e. the vital principal by which the body is animated;
the rational spirit, the power by which the human being feels, thinks, decides
the soul {1}

That same Greek word is translated as “Holy Ghost” in 89 places in the New Testament. There is no good reason why “the Holy Ghost” would not be appropriate in our verse. In which case it might read, “The Holy Ghost bloweth where it listeth.”

The Greek word translated as “blow” (Strong # 4154) might also have been translated as “breath.” In ancient texts we find the belief that giving breath is sycomorus with giving life. Hugh Nibley frequently stressed that throughout his book on the Egyptian endowment. In its first chapter he wrote,

For the Egyptians, the giving of breath is endowment with life in the widest sense. {2}

That idea is also found in the Bible where Elihu reminded Job,

4 The Spirit of God hath made me, and the breath of the Almighty hath given me life (Job 33:4).

The creation stories in the scriptures echo that same principle.

7 And I, the Lord God, formed man from the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul (Moses 3:7 & Genesis 2:7)

7 And the Gods formed man from the dust of the ground, and took his spirit (that is, the man’s spirit), and put it into him; and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living soul (Abraham 5:7).

Perhaps a correct way of understanding what the Savior said to Nicodemus is this: “The Holy Ghost gives the breath of new life to whomever he will.” That would be a nice parallel with what follows, “so is every one that is born of the Spirit.”

Nicodemus was a great scholar, but the Savior’s explanation was likely as foreign to him as that same explanation from our missionaries is foreign to their new investigators. Like them, it seems that Nicodemus was experiencing something he had never felt before, or at least that he had never identified, and Jesus is simply explaining what that feeling is. Nicodemus response is entirely in line with his amazement.

9 Nicodemus answered and said unto him, How can these things be?
10 Jesus answered and said unto him, Art thou a master of Israel, and knowest not these things? (John 3:9-10)

Jesus is not making fun of Nicodemus (as many interpretations suggest), but is acknowledging that he is a renowned teacher. The word “master” here is the same Greek word as “teacher” in verse 2. {3}

If Jesus were chiding, then his words mock Nicodemus’s scholarship. But that does not fit the rest of the situation. If Jesus were smiling (as I believe he was), then his words would have meant: “Lets look into the depth of your knowledge so I can show you the meaning of what you already know.”

That is also consistent with the rest of the conversation, for where he then takes Nicodemus’s mind insists that both were happy.

When John introduced this story to us he wrote,

24 But Jesus did not commit himself unto them, because he knew all men,
25 And needed not that any should testify of man: for he knew what was in man (John 2:24 – 25)

Now, John is going to show us how Jesus unreservedly “committed” himself to Nicodemus. He opens his own soul to him. During this conversation we find the most comprehensive single statement (that I am aware of) in all the scriptures about who and what Jesus really is.

However, before Jesus does that, knowing that Nicodemus’s first impulse will be to help others also understand, Jesus explains that it will not do any good to try to teach those who do not want to know. He tells the Jewish scholar that he must not share what he is about to learn. The principle is the same as was taught by Alma.

9 And now Alma began to expound these things unto him, saying: It is given unto many to know the mysteries of God; nevertheless they are laid under a strict command that they shall not impart only according to the portion of his word which he doth grant unto the children of men, according to the heed and diligence which they give unto him.
10 And therefore, he that will harden his heart, the same receiveth the lesser portion of the word; and he that will not harden his heart, to him is given the greater portion of the word, until it is given unto him to know the mysteries of God until he know them in full.
11 And they that will harden their hearts, to them is given the lesser portion of the word until they know nothing concerning his mysteries; and then they are taken captive by the devil, and led by his will down to destruction. Now this is what is meant by the chains of hell (Alma 12:9-11).

Jesus says essentially the same thing to Nicodemus.

11Verily, verily, I say unto thee, We speak that we do know, and testify that we have seen; and ye receive not our witness.
12 If I have told you earthly things, and ye believe not, how shall ye believe, if I tell you of heavenly things? (John 3:11-12)

In these two sentences, the words “you” and “ye” are plural. They are roughly equivalent to the Southern “y’all.” {4} Nicodemus was a Pharisee and a member of the Sanhedrin. When Jesus says “y’all believe not,” he is not talking about Nicodemus personally, but is warning him that most of the Pharisees and other Jewish leaders do not then, and will not ever, believe what he tells them.

11 Verily, verily, I say unto thee, We speak that we do know, and testify that we have seen; and ye [y’all] receive not our witness.
12 If I have told you [y’all] earthly things, and ye [y’all] believe not, how shall ye [y’all] believe, if I tell you [y’all] of heavenly things? (John 3:11-12)

In the Inspired Version of the Bible, Joseph Smith helps us understand that. To the beginning of the next verse he adds the words, “I tell you,” which I take to mean, “I am telling only you, and therefore you are not to tell those Pharisees because they will not believe.”

What he then tells him must have been both amazing and wonderful to Nicodemus. I am convinced that the next lines would never have been spoken by Jesus to anyone whom he did not completely trust.

(Continued)
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FOOTNOTES

{1} This definition uses words from two different editions of Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance off the Bible.

{2} Hugh Nibley, The Message of the Joseph Smith Papyri: An Egyptian Endowment (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1975), 8.

{3} “The same came to Jesus by night, and said unto him, Rabbi, we know that thou art a teacher [ # 1320 – teacher] come from God: for no man can do these miracles that thou doest, except God be with him (John 3:1-2).” “Jesus answered and said unto h im, Art thou a master [ # 1320 teacher] of Israel, and knowest not these things? (John 3:9-10).”

{4} Strong’s # 5213 “ irregular dative case of # 5210; to (with or by) you:—ye, you, your(-selves).”
Strong’s # 5210 – “irregular plural of # 4771; you (as subjective of verb):—ye (yourselves), you.”

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(This will make much more sense if you first read part one.)

John’s report of the conversation between Jesus and Nicodemus is very succinct and deeply encoded. The code is the ancient Israelite temple drama, so anyone who knows the drama also knows the code. It is to be understood only by those who “have ears to hear.”

The conversation is already in full swing before we become privy to what is being said. Jesus is answering a question, but the question is not given in the text.

3 Jesus answered and said unto him, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God (John 3:3).

When this answer is placed within the context of the bits of the conversation that follow, Jesus’s response is arguably a reference to the adoption/kinship rites that were performed near the conclusion of the Feast of Tabernacles temple drama during the time of Solomon’s Temple.

In this drama the king was the chief actor, and his words and actions represented those of every man in the congregation. The multiple parts of the coronation rites are identified in Isaiah 61:3.

The rites begin with a ceremonial washing, where the king was made clean in preparation for his coronation. Then he went into the temple where he was clothed in royal priesthood robes, anointed, crowned, and given a new king-name. {1}

When one made a new covenant there was always a new name associated with it. The new name was a new identity. These rites were a rebirth in that when the king was anointed he became a legitimate son and heir of Jehovah.

At the time the anointing was performed the king announced his new relationship with God.

7 I will declare the decree: the LORD hath said unto me, Thou art my Son; this day have I begotten thee (Psalms 2:7).

The anointing was a dual ordinance. “Thou art my son” is the pronouncement of the new royal king-name. “This day have I begotten thee” is a declaration of the formal adoption of the king by Jehovah. {2}

Jehovah is the eternal King of Israel, and now because of this adoption, the earthly king is his legitimate son. He can take his place on the Lord’s throne in the Temple and not be a usurper. {3}

We see something like that at Jesus’s baptism, and coronation on the Mount of Transfiguration. His Father’s words, “This is my beloved Son,” confirmed Jesus’s royal birth and his Kingship (2 Peter 1:16-18).

When Jesus spoke to Nicodemus, those coronation rites had not been performed in a Jewish temple for more than 600 years—not since Solomon’s Temple was destroyed by the Babylonians, and the last Jewish king sat upon its throne. If Jesus had just told Nicodemus that he had the authority to perform those rites again, then Nicodemus’s next question reflects his amazement and his challenge. He asks for clarification, and does it in a silly, somewhat condescending way that is still typical of some scholars. His intent is to see if Jesus really knows what he is talking about.

4 Nicodemus saith unto him, How can a man be born when he is old? can he enter the second time into his mother’s womb, and be born? (John 3:4)

Jesus’s response shows that he respected both the questioner and the question. His answer (as John gives it to us) addresses Nicodemus’ concerns precisely, and in terms Nicodemus, the scholar/teacher of Israel, would have understood.

5 Jesus answered, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be born of water and of the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God.
6 That which is born of the flesh is flesh; and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit (John 3:5-6).

There are two ways of our understanding these verses. One, which we use all the time in missionary work, is about baptism and the gift of the Holy Ghost.

The other way is that they are references to the washing and anointing that were part of the ancient coronation rites. In that case, “to be born of the Spirit” was a reference to the belief that at the time of one’s anointing one received an abundant gift of the Spirit of the Lord. There is an important example of this in the Old Testament.

When David was only a boy, “Samuel took the horn of oil, and anointed him in the midst of his brethren: and the Spirit of the Lord came upon David from that day forward” (1 Samuel 16:13). Aubrey Johnson referred to that story, and called the experience an “endowment of the Spirit” whereby the king received extraordinary religious authority, as well as wisdom in government and military matters. Sigmund Mowinckel understood that the “Ideas about the fruits of this endowment with the spirit are, naturally, strongly influenced by older biblical conceptions of the gifts of the spirit in the Messiah.” {4}

That same principle is taught in the New Testament where Peter said,

37 That word, I say, ye know, which was published throughout all Judæ a, and began from Galilee, after the ism which John preached;
38 How God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Ghost and with power: who went about doing good, and healing all that were oppressed of the devil; for God was with him (Acts 10:37-38).

We do not have complete accounts of the anointing of all of the kings of Israel, but we do of David’s. He was first anointed to become king and later anointed king. Perhaps that is reflected in the difference in Jesus’s statements, “he cannot see the kingdom of God,” and “he cannot enter into the kingdom of God.”

Even though those ceremonies were no longer performed after Solomon’s Temple was destroyed, there is sufficient evidence in the New Testament to know that the memory of those rites was not entirely lost by the Jews. After the Savior established his church, the Saints in New Testament times understood that a similar adoption ceremony was necessary to make one a son and heir of God. Thus, Paul wrote,

5 [The Father] Having predestinated [foreordained] us unto the adoption of children by Jesus Christ to himself [the Father], according to the good pleasure of his [the Father’s] will,
6 To the praise of the glory of his [the Father’s] grace, wherein he [the Father] hath made us accepted in the beloved. (Ephesians 1:5-6)

If this sonship and adoption is what Christ meant when he told Nicodemus that he must be born again, and if Nicodemus understood that, it is little wonder that this learned Jew was amazed. The Savior said,

7 Marvel not that I said unto thee, Ye must be born again [from above] (John 3:7).

In the next verses we learn that part of Nicodemus’s amazement had to do with what he was feeling as well as what he was thinking. The Savior also explained that to him.

(To be continued)
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FOOTNOTES

{1} “Act 2, Scene 9: The Coronation Ceremony in Isaiah 61,” Who Shall Ascend into the Hill of the Lord, first edition 461-99, second (paperback) edition 366-73.

{2} For a more complete discussion of the anointing and Psalm 2 see “Psalm 2, The Ancient Israelite Royal King-name,” Who Shall Ascend into the Hill of the Lord, first edition 499-517, second (paperback) edition 360-73.

{3} Who Shall Ascend into the Hill of the Lord, first edition 517-605, second (paperback) edition 373-431.

{4} Quoted from Who Shall Ascend into the Hill of the Lord, first edition 353-54, second (paperback) edition 254-55.

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